MBNcDispatch.cpp

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//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Filename      : MBNcDispatch.cpp
//
// Purpose       : Runtime dispatch implementations. See MBNcDispatch.hpp
//                 for design notes.
//
//   Creator     : Vijay Mahadevan, 2026-06-11
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
#include "MBNcDispatch.hpp"
 
#include <cstdio>   // std::fopen / std::fread / std::fclose for format probe
#include <cstring>  // std::memset
#include <vector>   // std::vector buffers used by NCB_BUFFERED scatter helpers
 
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
#include <map>
#endif
 
// This dispatch layer needs at least one NetCDF backend. With MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF it
// provides the full serial / parallel-NetCDF / buffered backends and is format-agnostic
// (classic CDF and NetCDF-4/HDF5). In a PNetCDF-only build (MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF without
// MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF) only the classic CDF family is supported: every backend routes to
// PNetCDF (parallel on the caller's communicator, serial on MPI_COMM_SELF), and
// NetCDF-4/HDF5 files are rejected up front by mbnc_choose_backend_for_read (PNetCDF
// cannot read HDF5-based files). The serial nc_* / buffered code paths below are then
// unreachable and compiled out via #ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF.
#if !defined( MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF ) && !defined( MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF )
#error "MBNcDispatch requires MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF or MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF."
#endif
 
// In a PNetCDF-only build libnetcdf's serial C API (nc_*) is unavailable. The serial and
// buffered backends that use it are never selected (see mbnc_choose_backend_for_read and
// mbnc_open below); guard their bodies so the file still compiles without netcdf.h.
#if defined( MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF )
#define MBNC_HAVE_SERIAL_NC 1
#endif
 
namespace moab
{
 
// ============================================================================
// PNetCDF-only build: serial libnetcdf (nc_*) is unavailable.
//
// The serial (NCB_NETCDF_SERIAL) and buffered (NCB_BUFFERED) backends below call the
// serial nc_* API. In a PNetCDF-only build those backends are never selected — the
// chooser routes classic files to PNetCDF (parallel or on MPI_COMM_SELF) and rejects
// NetCDF-4/HDF5, and mbnc_open/mbnc_create open via PNetCDF. These inline stubs let the
// unreachable nc_* code compile without netcdf.h; each returns NC_EBADID and is never
// invoked at runtime. Templates that take an nc_* function as a parameter
// (bsuf_get_vara / bsuf_get_att) are simply never instantiated here.
// ============================================================================
#if !defined( MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF )
inline int nc_open( const char*, int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_create( const char*, int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_close( int ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_redef( int ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_enddef( int ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_def_dim( int, const char*, size_t, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_def_var( int, const char*, nc_type, int, const int*, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_natts( int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_ndims( int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_nvars( int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_dimid( int, const char*, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_dim( int, int, char*, size_t* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_dimlen( int, int, size_t* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_varid( int, const char*, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_varname( int, int, char* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_vartype( int, int, nc_type* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_varndims( int, int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_vardimid( int, int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_varnatts( int, int, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_attname( int, int, int, char* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_att( int, int, const char*, nc_type*, size_t* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_inq_attlen( int, int, const char*, size_t* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_att_text( int, int, const char*, char* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_att_int( int, int, const char*, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_att_short( int, int, const char*, short* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_att_long( int, int, const char*, long* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_att_float( int, int, const char*, float* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_att_double( int, int, const char*, double* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_att_text( int, int, const char*, size_t, const char* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_att_int( int, int, const char*, nc_type, size_t, const int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_att_short( int, int, const char*, nc_type, size_t, const short* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_att_float( int, int, const char*, nc_type, size_t, const float* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_att_double( int, int, const char*, nc_type, size_t, const double* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_vara_text( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, char* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_vara_int( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_vara_long( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, long* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_vara_double( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, double* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_get_vars_double( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, const ptrdiff_t*, double* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_vara_text( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, const char* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_vara_int( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, const int* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
inline int nc_put_vara_double( int, int, const size_t*, const size_t*, const double* ) { return NC_EBADID; }
#endif  // !MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF
 
// ============================================================================
// Internal helpers
// ============================================================================
 
namespace
{
 
/// Maximum NetCDF variable rank we expect to encounter. Plenty for any
/// climate / mesh file (typical max is 4–5). Used for stack-allocated
/// size_t ↔ MPI_Offset conversion buffers in PNetCDF dispatches.
constexpr int kMaxDims = 16;
 
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
/// Inquire variable rank and convert size_t start/count arrays to MPI_Offset
/// in caller-supplied stack buffers. Returns NC_NOERR on success or the
/// underlying ncmpi error code.
inline int to_mpi_offset_pair( int libId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, MPI_Offset* outStart,
                               MPI_Offset* outCount, int* outNdims )
{
    int ndims;
    int rc = ncmpi_inq_varndims( libId, varid, &ndims );
    if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
    if( ndims > kMaxDims ) return NC_EMAXDIMS;
    for( int i = 0; i < ndims; ++i )
    {
        outStart[i] = static_cast< MPI_Offset >( start[i] );
        outCount[i] = static_cast< MPI_Offset >( count[i] );
    }
    *outNdims = ndims;
    return NC_NOERR;
}
#endif
 
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
/// Buffered-context registry. Only NCB_BUFFERED files appear here; the
/// other backends carry all needed state internally. Map is keyed by the
/// tagged file id (so PNetCDF / NetCDF id collisions are impossible).
struct BufferedCtx
{
    MPI_Comm comm;
    int      rank;
    int      size;
};
 
std::map< int, BufferedCtx >& buffered_registry()
{
    static std::map< int, BufferedCtx > reg;
    return reg;
}
 
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// NCB_BUFFERED helpers — rank-0-reads-and-distributes pattern
//
// In buffered mode only rank 0 has the file open (via plain serial nc_open).
// All NC calls are collective by convention: each helper broadcasts rank
// 0's result for cheap inquiries / attributes, or pulls per-rank slabs to
// rank 0 + ships back the answer for variable reads.
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
/// Rank 0 already called the underlying nc_* function and produced
/// (rc_root, value_root). Broadcast both. Returns rc_root on failure;
/// otherwise writes value_root into *out and returns NC_NOERR.
inline int bsuf_bcast_int( int taggedId, int rc_root, int value_root, int* out )
{
    MPI_Comm comm = mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedId );
    MPI_Bcast( &rc_root, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( rc_root != NC_NOERR ) return rc_root;
    MPI_Bcast( &value_root, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( out ) *out = value_root;
    return NC_NOERR;
}
 
/// As bsuf_bcast_int but for size_t outputs.
inline int bsuf_bcast_size( int taggedId, int rc_root, size_t value_root, size_t* out )
{
    MPI_Comm comm = mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedId );
    MPI_Bcast( &rc_root, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( rc_root != NC_NOERR ) return rc_root;
    MPI_Bcast( &value_root, static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, comm );
    if( out ) *out = value_root;
    return NC_NOERR;
}
 
/// Broadcast a fixed-length byte buffer (name strings, attribute text).
/// Caller pre-sized buffer; rank 0 filled it.
inline int bsuf_bcast_bytes( int taggedId, int rc_root, char* buffer, int nbytes )
{
    MPI_Comm comm = mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedId );
    MPI_Bcast( &rc_root, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( rc_root != NC_NOERR ) return rc_root;
    if( buffer && nbytes > 0 ) MPI_Bcast( buffer, nbytes, MPI_BYTE, 0, comm );
    return NC_NOERR;
}
 
/// Broadcast an int-array result (e.g. inq_vardimid output).
inline int bsuf_bcast_int_array( int taggedId, int rc_root, int* buf, int n )
{
    MPI_Comm comm = mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedId );
    MPI_Bcast( &rc_root, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( rc_root != NC_NOERR ) return rc_root;
    if( buf && n > 0 ) MPI_Bcast( buf, n, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    return NC_NOERR;
}
 
/// Generic buffered get_vara_T: rank 0 owns the file; each non-root rank
/// sends its (start, count) to rank 0, rank 0 issues the underlying
/// nc_get_vara_T per requester and ships the data back.
///
/// nc_get_fn is the serial libnetcdf entry point with signature
///   int(*)(int ncid, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, T* data)
template < typename T, typename Fn >
int bsuf_get_vara( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, T* data,
                   MPI_Datatype mpi_type, Fn nc_get_fn )
{
    MPI_Comm comm    = mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId );
    const int rank   = mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId );
    const int size   = mbnc_buffered_size( taggedFileId );
    const int libId  = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
 
    // Step 1: rank 0 inquires ndims (only rank 0 has the file), broadcast.
    int ndims = 0;
    int rc    = NC_NOERR;
    if( rank == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_varndims( libId, varid, &ndims );
    MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
    MPI_Bcast( &ndims, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( ndims > kMaxDims ) return NC_EMAXDIMS;
 
    // Step 2: compute local total element count from caller's count[]
    size_t my_n = 1;
    for( int i = 0; i < ndims; ++i )
        my_n *= count[i];
 
    if( rank == 0 )
    {
        // Step 3a: rank 0 services its own request directly
        int my_rc = nc_get_fn( libId, varid, start, count, data );
 
        // Step 3b: serve other ranks in rank order. Each receives its
        // own slab, computed from its own start/count.
        for( int src = 1; src < size; ++src )
        {
            size_t srcStart[kMaxDims], srcCount[kMaxDims];
            MPI_Recv( srcStart, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, src, 0, comm,
                      MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
            MPI_Recv( srcCount, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, src, 1, comm,
                      MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
            size_t n = 1;
            for( int i = 0; i < ndims; ++i )
                n *= srcCount[i];
            std::vector< T > buf( n );
            int s_rc = nc_get_fn( libId, varid, srcStart, srcCount, buf.data() );
            MPI_Send( &s_rc, 1, MPI_INT, src, 2, comm );
            if( s_rc == NC_NOERR && n > 0 ) MPI_Send( buf.data(), static_cast< int >( n ), mpi_type, src, 3, comm );
        }
        return my_rc;
    }
    else
    {
        // Non-root: send my (start, count) to rank 0, get back data.
        MPI_Send( start, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, 0, comm );
        MPI_Send( count, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, 1, comm );
        int recv_rc;
        MPI_Recv( &recv_rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, 2, comm, MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
        if( recv_rc == NC_NOERR && my_n > 0 )
            MPI_Recv( data, static_cast< int >( my_n ), mpi_type, 0, 3, comm, MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
        return recv_rc;
    }
}
#endif
 
}  // namespace
 
// ============================================================================
// Format probe
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_detect_format( const char* path )
{
    std::FILE* fp = std::fopen( path, "rb" );
    if( !fp ) return NCFMT_UNKNOWN;
 
    unsigned char magic[8];
    std::memset( magic, 0, sizeof( magic ) );
    const size_t nread = std::fread( magic, 1, sizeof( magic ), fp );
    std::fclose( fp );
 
    if( nread < 4 ) return NCFMT_UNKNOWN;
 
    // Classic NetCDF families: "CDF" + version byte (0x01, 0x02, or 0x05)
    if( magic[0] == 'C' && magic[1] == 'D' && magic[2] == 'F' )
    {
        if( magic[3] == 0x01 || magic[3] == 0x02 || magic[3] == 0x05 ) return NCFMT_CLASSIC;
    }
 
    // HDF5 superblock signature (used by NetCDF-4)
    if( nread >= 8 && magic[0] == 0x89 && magic[1] == 'H' && magic[2] == 'D' && magic[3] == 'F' && magic[4] == 0x0D &&
        magic[5] == 0x0A && magic[6] == 0x1A && magic[7] == 0x0A )
    {
        return NCFMT_NETCDF4;
    }
 
    return NCFMT_UNKNOWN;
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Backend chooser
// ============================================================================
 
NcBackend mbnc_choose_backend_for_read( int format, int mpi_size )
{
    if( format != NCFMT_CLASSIC && format != NCFMT_NETCDF4 ) return NCB_NONE;
 
    // Serial.
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF
    // libnetcdf present: plain nc_* handles both classic and NetCDF-4 (libnetcdf v4+).
    if( mpi_size <= 1 ) return NCB_NETCDF_SERIAL;
#else
    // PNetCDF-only: no serial nc_*; use PNetCDF on MPI_COMM_SELF for classic files.
    // NetCDF-4/HDF5 cannot be read without libnetcdf.
    if( mpi_size <= 1 ) return ( format == NCFMT_CLASSIC ) ? NCB_PNETCDF : NCB_NONE;
#endif
 
    if( format == NCFMT_CLASSIC )
    {
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
        return NCB_PNETCDF;  // best fit for classic in parallel
#elif defined( MOAB_HAVE_NETCDFPAR )
        return NCB_NETCDF_PAR;  // works if libnetcdf was built with PNetCDF backend
#else
        // No parallel backend at all — degraded buffered fallback (rank 0
        // reads via plain nc_*, scatters per-rank slabs). Requires libnetcdf.
        return NCB_BUFFERED;
#endif
    }
 
    // format == NCFMT_NETCDF4
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDFPAR
    return NCB_NETCDF_PAR;
#elif defined( MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF )
    // PNetCDF alone cannot read NetCDF-4 in parallel. Buffered fallback:
    // rank 0 opens with serial nc_open (libnetcdf handles HDF5 in serial),
    // scatters per-rank slabs to the rest.
    return NCB_BUFFERED;
#else
    // PNetCDF-only build cannot read NetCDF-4/HDF5 at all.
    return NCB_NONE;
#endif
}
 
NcBackend mbnc_choose_backend_for_write( int requested_format, int mpi_size )
{
    // For writes, format is the user's intent — same matrix.
    return mbnc_choose_backend_for_read( requested_format, mpi_size );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Buffered-context registry
// ============================================================================
 
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
void mbnc_register_buffered( int taggedFileId, MPI_Comm comm )
{
    BufferedCtx ctx;
    ctx.comm = comm;
    MPI_Comm_rank( comm, &ctx.rank );
    MPI_Comm_size( comm, &ctx.size );
    buffered_registry()[taggedFileId] = ctx;
}
 
void mbnc_unregister_buffered( int taggedFileId )
{
    buffered_registry().erase( taggedFileId );
}
 
MPI_Comm mbnc_buffered_comm( int taggedFileId )
{
    auto it = buffered_registry().find( taggedFileId );
    return ( it == buffered_registry().end() ) ? MPI_COMM_NULL : it->second.comm;
}
 
int mbnc_buffered_rank( int taggedFileId )
{
    auto it = buffered_registry().find( taggedFileId );
    return ( it == buffered_registry().end() ) ? -1 : it->second.rank;
}
 
int mbnc_buffered_size( int taggedFileId )
{
    auto it = buffered_registry().find( taggedFileId );
    return ( it == buffered_registry().end() ) ? 0 : it->second.size;
}
#endif
 
// ============================================================================
// File open / close / create
// ============================================================================
 
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
int mbnc_open_par( NcBackend backend, MPI_Comm comm, MPI_Info info, const char* path, int omode, int* taggedFileId )
{
    int libId = -1;
    int rc    = NC_EBADID;
 
    switch( backend )
    {
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
        case NCB_PNETCDF:
            rc = ncmpi_open( comm, path, omode, info, &libId );
            break;
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDFPAR
        case NCB_NETCDF_PAR:
            rc = nc_open_par( path, omode | NC_MPIIO, comm, info, &libId );
            break;
#endif
        case NCB_BUFFERED: {
            // Rank 0 opens; other ranks defer to rank 0 for every subsequent call.
            int rank = 0;
            MPI_Comm_rank( comm, &rank );
            if( rank == 0 ) rc = nc_open( path, omode, &libId );
            MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
            // libId is meaningful only on rank 0, but every rank still gets a tagged
            // handle — the tag carries the backend, and the registry carries the comm.
            if( rc == NC_NOERR )
            {
                *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, NCB_BUFFERED );
                mbnc_register_buffered( *taggedFileId, comm );
            }
            return rc;
        }
        case NCB_NETCDF_SERIAL:
            // Caller asked for serial open via the parallel entry point — honor it.
            rc = nc_open( path, omode, &libId );
            break;
        default:
            return NC_EBADID;
    }
 
    if( rc == NC_NOERR ) *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, backend );
    return rc;
}
 
int mbnc_create_par( NcBackend backend, MPI_Comm comm, MPI_Info info, const char* path, int cmode, int* taggedFileId )
{
    int libId = -1;
    int rc    = NC_EBADID;
 
    switch( backend )
    {
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
        case NCB_PNETCDF:
            rc = ncmpi_create( comm, path, cmode, info, &libId );
            break;
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDFPAR
        case NCB_NETCDF_PAR:
            rc = nc_create_par( path, cmode | NC_MPIIO, comm, info, &libId );
            break;
#endif
        case NCB_BUFFERED: {
            int rank = 0;
            MPI_Comm_rank( comm, &rank );
            if( rank == 0 ) rc = nc_create( path, cmode, &libId );
            MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
            if( rc == NC_NOERR )
            {
                *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, NCB_BUFFERED );
                mbnc_register_buffered( *taggedFileId, comm );
            }
            return rc;
        }
        case NCB_NETCDF_SERIAL:
            rc = nc_create( path, cmode, &libId );
            break;
        default:
            return NC_EBADID;
    }
 
    if( rc == NC_NOERR ) *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, backend );
    return rc;
}
#endif  // MOAB_HAVE_MPI
 
int mbnc_open( const char* path, int omode, int* taggedFileId )
{
    int libId = -1;
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF
    int rc = nc_open( path, omode, &libId );
    if( rc == NC_NOERR ) *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, NCB_NETCDF_SERIAL );
    return rc;
#elif defined( MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF )
    // PNetCDF-only: serve serial opens via PNetCDF on MPI_COMM_SELF (classic files only).
    int rc = ncmpi_open( MPI_COMM_SELF, path, omode, MPI_INFO_NULL, &libId );
    if( rc == NC_NOERR ) *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, NCB_PNETCDF );
    return rc;
#else
    (void)path;
    (void)omode;
    (void)taggedFileId;
    return NC_EBADID;
#endif
}
 
int mbnc_create( const char* path, int cmode, int* taggedFileId )
{
    int libId = -1;
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDF
    int rc = nc_create( path, cmode, &libId );
    if( rc == NC_NOERR ) *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, NCB_NETCDF_SERIAL );
    return rc;
#elif defined( MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF )
    int rc = ncmpi_create( MPI_COMM_SELF, path, cmode, MPI_INFO_NULL, &libId );
    if( rc == NC_NOERR ) *taggedFileId = mbnc_make_tagged( libId, NCB_PNETCDF );
    return rc;
#else
    (void)path;
    (void)cmode;
    (void)taggedFileId;
    return NC_EBADID;
#endif
}
 
int mbnc_close( int taggedFileId )
{
    const int libId           = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend   = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
    int rc                    = NC_EBADID;
 
    switch( backend )
    {
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
        case NCB_PNETCDF:
            rc = ncmpi_close( libId );
            break;
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_NETCDFPAR
        case NCB_NETCDF_PAR:
            rc = nc_close( libId );  // parallel handle uses nc_close
            break;
#endif
        case NCB_NETCDF_SERIAL:
            rc = nc_close( libId );
            break;
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
        case NCB_BUFFERED: {
            // Only rank 0 actually has an open file.
            const int rank = mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId );
            if( rank == 0 ) rc = nc_close( libId );
            MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
            mbnc_unregister_buffered( taggedFileId );
            return rc;
        }
#endif
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    return rc;
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Define mode
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_redef( int taggedFileId )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_redef( libId );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_redef( libId );
}
 
int mbnc_enddef( int taggedFileId )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_enddef( libId );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_enddef( libId );
}
 
int mbnc_def_dim( int taggedFileId, const char* name, size_t len, int* dimid )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_def_dim( libId, name, static_cast< MPI_Offset >( len ), dimid );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_def_dim( libId, name, len, dimid );
}
 
int mbnc_def_var( int taggedFileId, const char* name, nc_type xtype, int ndims, const int* dimids, int* varid )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_def_var( libId, name, xtype, ndims, dimids, varid );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_def_var( libId, name, xtype, ndims, dimids, varid );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// PNetCDF independent / collective mode toggles
//
// On non-PNetCDF backends these are no-ops returning NC_NOERR — standard
// NetCDF does not separate independent and collective I/O modes the way
// PNetCDF does.
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_begin_indep_data( int taggedFileId )
{
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_begin_indep_data( mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId ) );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return NC_NOERR;
}
 
int mbnc_end_indep_data( int taggedFileId )
{
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_end_indep_data( mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId ) );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return NC_NOERR;
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Inquiry wrappers
//
// All take size_t pointers for length-style outputs. The PNetCDF branch
// receives into a local MPI_Offset and converts on return.
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_inq_natts( int taggedFileId, int* nattsp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_natts( libId, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, nattsp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_natts( libId, nattsp );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_natts( libId, nattsp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_ndims( int taggedFileId, int* ndimsp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_ndims( libId, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, ndimsp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_ndims( libId, ndimsp );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_ndims( libId, ndimsp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_nvars( int taggedFileId, int* nvarsp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_nvars( libId, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, nvarsp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_nvars( libId, nvarsp );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_nvars( libId, nvarsp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_dimid( int taggedFileId, const char* name, int* dimidp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_dimid( libId, name, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, dimidp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_dimid( libId, name, dimidp );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_dimid( libId, name, dimidp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_dim( int taggedFileId, int dimid, char* name, size_t* lenp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        // Use a fixed-size scratch buffer for the dimension name; libnetcdf
        // caps names at NC_MAX_NAME (currently 256).
        char nameBuf[NC_MAX_NAME + 1] = { 0 };
        size_t len                    = 0;
        int rc                        = NC_NOERR;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_dim( libId, dimid, nameBuf, &len );
        // Broadcast status, name, and length in three steps.
        MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        if( name ) MPI_Bcast( nameBuf, NC_MAX_NAME + 1, MPI_BYTE, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        MPI_Bcast( &len, static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        if( name ) std::memcpy( name, nameBuf, NC_MAX_NAME + 1 );
        if( lenp ) *lenp = len;
        return NC_NOERR;
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset tmp = 0;
        int rc         = ncmpi_inq_dim( libId, dimid, name, &tmp );
        if( lenp ) *lenp = static_cast< size_t >( tmp );
        return rc;
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_dim( libId, dimid, name, lenp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_dimlen( int taggedFileId, int dimid, size_t* lenp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc    = NC_NOERR;
        size_t v  = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_dimlen( libId, dimid, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_size( taggedFileId, rc, v, lenp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset tmp = 0;
        int rc         = ncmpi_inq_dimlen( libId, dimid, &tmp );
        if( lenp ) *lenp = static_cast< size_t >( tmp );
        return rc;
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_dimlen( libId, dimid, lenp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_varid( int taggedFileId, const char* name, int* varidp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_varid( libId, name, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, varidp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_varid( libId, name, varidp );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_varid( libId, name, varidp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_varname( int taggedFileId, int varid, char* name )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        char nameBuf[NC_MAX_NAME + 1] = { 0 };
        int rc                        = NC_NOERR;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_varname( libId, varid, nameBuf );
        int rc2 = bsuf_bcast_bytes( taggedFileId, rc, nameBuf, NC_MAX_NAME + 1 );
        if( rc2 == NC_NOERR && name ) std::memcpy( name, nameBuf, NC_MAX_NAME + 1 );
        return rc2;
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_varname( libId, varid, name );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_varname( libId, varid, name );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_vartype( int taggedFileId, int varid, nc_type* xtypep )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        // nc_type is just an int alias
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 )
        {
            nc_type t = 0;
            rc        = nc_inq_vartype( libId, varid, &t );
            v         = static_cast< int >( t );
        }
        int out = 0;
        int rc2 = bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, &out );
        if( rc2 == NC_NOERR && xtypep ) *xtypep = static_cast< nc_type >( out );
        return rc2;
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_vartype( libId, varid, xtypep );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_vartype( libId, varid, xtypep );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_varndims( int taggedFileId, int varid, int* ndimsp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_varndims( libId, varid, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, ndimsp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_varndims( libId, varid, ndimsp );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_varndims( libId, varid, ndimsp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_vardimid( int taggedFileId, int varid, int* dimids )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        // Two-step: inquire ndims, then inquire dimids of that length.
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = NC_NOERR;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_varndims( libId, varid, &ndims );
        MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        MPI_Bcast( &ndims, 1, MPI_INT, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_vardimid( libId, varid, dimids );
        return bsuf_bcast_int_array( taggedFileId, rc, dimids, ndims );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_vardimid( libId, varid, dimids );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_vardimid( libId, varid, dimids );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_varnatts( int taggedFileId, int varid, int* nattsp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc = NC_NOERR, v = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_varnatts( libId, varid, &v );
        return bsuf_bcast_int( taggedFileId, rc, v, nattsp );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_varnatts( libId, varid, nattsp );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_varnatts( libId, varid, nattsp );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_attname( int taggedFileId, int varid, int attnum, char* name )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        char nameBuf[NC_MAX_NAME + 1] = { 0 };
        int rc                        = NC_NOERR;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_attname( libId, varid, attnum, nameBuf );
        int rc2 = bsuf_bcast_bytes( taggedFileId, rc, nameBuf, NC_MAX_NAME + 1 );
        if( rc2 == NC_NOERR && name ) std::memcpy( name, nameBuf, NC_MAX_NAME + 1 );
        return rc2;
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_inq_attname( libId, varid, attnum, name );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_attname( libId, varid, attnum, name );
}
 
int mbnc_inq_att( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, nc_type* xtypep, size_t* lenp )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        int rc      = NC_NOERR;
        nc_type t   = 0;
        size_t len  = 0;
        if( mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId ) == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_att( libId, varid, name, &t, &len );
        MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        int tInt = static_cast< int >( t );
        MPI_Bcast( &tInt, 1, MPI_INT, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        MPI_Bcast( &len, static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId ) );
        if( xtypep ) *xtypep = static_cast< nc_type >( tInt );
        if( lenp ) *lenp = len;
        return NC_NOERR;
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset tmp = 0;
        int rc         = ncmpi_inq_att( libId, varid, name, xtypep, &tmp );
        if( lenp ) *lenp = static_cast< size_t >( tmp );
        return rc;
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_inq_att( libId, varid, name, xtypep, lenp );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Attribute get
// ============================================================================
 
// Attribute readers under NCB_BUFFERED: rank 0 inquires the attribute
// length (number of elements) via nc_inq_attlen, reads the attribute
// itself, then both length and payload are broadcast to all ranks. A
// shared helper covers the bookkeeping; per-type wrappers differ only
// in the underlying nc_get_att_* call and MPI datatype.
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
namespace
{
template < typename T, typename Fn >
int bsuf_get_att( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, T* value, MPI_Datatype mpi_type, Fn nc_get_att_fn )
{
    MPI_Comm comm   = mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId );
    const int rank  = mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId );
    const int libId = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    int rc          = NC_NOERR;
    size_t len      = 0;
    if( rank == 0 )
    {
        rc = nc_inq_attlen( libId, varid, name, &len );
        if( rc == NC_NOERR ) rc = nc_get_att_fn( libId, varid, name, value );
    }
    MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
    if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
    MPI_Bcast( &len, static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, comm );
    if( value && len > 0 ) MPI_Bcast( value, static_cast< int >( len ), mpi_type, 0, comm );
    return NC_NOERR;
}
}  // namespace
#endif
 
int mbnc_get_att_text( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, char* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED ) return bsuf_get_att< char >( taggedFileId, varid, name, value, MPI_CHAR, nc_get_att_text );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_get_att_text( libId, varid, name, value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_att_text( libId, varid, name, value );
}
 
int mbnc_get_att_int( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, int* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED ) return bsuf_get_att< int >( taggedFileId, varid, name, value, MPI_INT, nc_get_att_int );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_get_att_int( libId, varid, name, value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_att_int( libId, varid, name, value );
}
 
int mbnc_get_att_short( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, short* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_att< short >( taggedFileId, varid, name, value, MPI_SHORT, nc_get_att_short );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_get_att_short( libId, varid, name, value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_att_short( libId, varid, name, value );
}
 
int mbnc_get_att_long( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, long* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_att< long >( taggedFileId, varid, name, value, MPI_LONG, nc_get_att_long );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_get_att_long( libId, varid, name, value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_att_long( libId, varid, name, value );
}
 
int mbnc_get_att_float( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, float* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_att< float >( taggedFileId, varid, name, value, MPI_FLOAT, nc_get_att_float );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_get_att_float( libId, varid, name, value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_att_float( libId, varid, name, value );
}
 
int mbnc_get_att_double( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, double* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_att< double >( taggedFileId, varid, name, value, MPI_DOUBLE, nc_get_att_double );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_get_att_double( libId, varid, name, value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_att_double( libId, varid, name, value );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Attribute put
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_put_att_text( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, size_t len, const char* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
        return ncmpi_put_att_text( libId, varid, name, static_cast< MPI_Offset >( len ), value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_att_text( libId, varid, name, len, value );
}
 
int mbnc_put_att_int( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, nc_type xtype, size_t len, const int* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
        return ncmpi_put_att_int( libId, varid, name, xtype, static_cast< MPI_Offset >( len ), value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_att_int( libId, varid, name, xtype, len, value );
}
 
int mbnc_put_att_short( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, nc_type xtype, size_t len, const short* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
        return ncmpi_put_att_short( libId, varid, name, xtype, static_cast< MPI_Offset >( len ), value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_att_short( libId, varid, name, xtype, len, value );
}
 
int mbnc_put_att_float( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, nc_type xtype, size_t len, const float* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
        return ncmpi_put_att_float( libId, varid, name, xtype, static_cast< MPI_Offset >( len ), value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_att_float( libId, varid, name, xtype, len, value );
}
 
int mbnc_put_att_double( int taggedFileId, int varid, const char* name, nc_type xtype, size_t len, const double* value )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
        return ncmpi_put_att_double( libId, varid, name, xtype, static_cast< MPI_Offset >( len ), value );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_att_double( libId, varid, name, xtype, len, value );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Variable get_vara — collective by default on parallel PNetCDF
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_get_vara_double( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, double* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< double >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_DOUBLE, nc_get_vara_double );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_double_all( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_double( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vara_int( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, int* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< int >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_INT, nc_get_vara_int );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_int_all( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_int( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vara_long( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, long* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< long >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_LONG, nc_get_vara_long );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_long_all( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_long( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vara_text( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, char* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< char >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_CHAR, nc_get_vara_text );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_text_all( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_text( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vars_double( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count,
                          const ptrdiff_t* stride, double* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        // Buffered: same per-rank scatter pattern as plain get_vara,
        // but each rank ships its stride array too. We inline rather than
        // generalize bsuf_get_vara since stride adds a third per-rank array.
        MPI_Comm comm   = mbnc_buffered_comm( taggedFileId );
        const int rank  = mbnc_buffered_rank( taggedFileId );
        const int size  = mbnc_buffered_size( taggedFileId );
        int ndims       = 0;
        int rc          = NC_NOERR;
        if( rank == 0 ) rc = nc_inq_varndims( libId, varid, &ndims );
        MPI_Bcast( &rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        MPI_Bcast( &ndims, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm );
        if( ndims > kMaxDims ) return NC_EMAXDIMS;
        size_t my_n = 1;
        for( int i = 0; i < ndims; ++i )
            my_n *= count[i];
        if( rank == 0 )
        {
            int my_rc = nc_get_vars_double( libId, varid, start, count, stride, data );
            for( int src = 1; src < size; ++src )
            {
                size_t s2[kMaxDims], c2[kMaxDims];
                ptrdiff_t st2[kMaxDims];
                MPI_Recv( s2, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, src, 0, comm,
                          MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
                MPI_Recv( c2, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, src, 1, comm,
                          MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
                MPI_Recv( st2, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( ptrdiff_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, src, 4, comm,
                          MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
                size_t n = 1;
                for( int i = 0; i < ndims; ++i )
                    n *= c2[i];
                std::vector< double > buf( n );
                int s_rc = nc_get_vars_double( libId, varid, s2, c2, st2, buf.data() );
                MPI_Send( &s_rc, 1, MPI_INT, src, 2, comm );
                if( s_rc == NC_NOERR && n > 0 )
                    MPI_Send( buf.data(), static_cast< int >( n ), MPI_DOUBLE, src, 3, comm );
            }
            return my_rc;
        }
        else
        {
            MPI_Send( start, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, 0, comm );
            MPI_Send( count, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( size_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, 1, comm );
            MPI_Send( stride, ndims * static_cast< int >( sizeof( ptrdiff_t ) ), MPI_BYTE, 0, 4, comm );
            int recv_rc;
            MPI_Recv( &recv_rc, 1, MPI_INT, 0, 2, comm, MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
            if( recv_rc == NC_NOERR && my_n > 0 )
                MPI_Recv( data, static_cast< int >( my_n ), MPI_DOUBLE, 0, 3, comm, MPI_STATUS_IGNORE );
            return recv_rc;
        }
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims], st[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        for( int i = 0; i < ndims; ++i )
            st[i] = static_cast< MPI_Offset >( stride[i] );
        return ncmpi_get_vars_double_all( libId, varid, s, c, st, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vars_double( libId, varid, start, count, stride, data );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Variable put_vara
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_put_vara_double( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, const double* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_put_vara_double_all( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_vara_double( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_put_vara_int( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, const int* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_put_vara_int_all( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_vara_int( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_put_vara_text( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, const char* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_put_vara_text_all( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_vara_text( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Nonblocking get + wait
//
// PNetCDF: real ncmpi_iget_* request aggregation.
// Other backends: immediate blocking collective; *req = MBNC_REQ_NULL.
// mbnc_wait_all is a no-op for non-PNetCDF (returns NC_NOERR, writes
// NC_NOERR into statuses[] for any entries whose request is MBNC_REQ_NULL).
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_iget_vara_double( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, double* data,
                           int* req )
{
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        const int libId = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_iget_vara_double( libId, varid, s, c, data, req );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    if( req ) *req = MBNC_REQ_NULL;
    return mbnc_get_vara_double( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_iget_vara_int( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, int* data, int* req )
{
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        const int libId = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_iget_vara_int( libId, varid, s, c, data, req );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    if( req ) *req = MBNC_REQ_NULL;
    return mbnc_get_vara_int( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
// ============================================================================
// Independent-mode get/put — used inside begin_indep_data brackets on PNetCDF.
// On non-PNetCDF backends these route to the same plain nc_*_vara_* calls
// (per-var access mode is the caller's responsibility outside PNetCDF).
// ============================================================================
 
int mbnc_get_vara_double_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, double* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< double >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_DOUBLE, nc_get_vara_double );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_double( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_double( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vara_int_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, int* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< int >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_INT, nc_get_vara_int );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_int( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_int( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vara_long_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, long* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< long >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_LONG, nc_get_vara_long );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_long( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_long( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vara_text_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, char* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
        return bsuf_get_vara< char >( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data, MPI_CHAR, nc_get_vara_text );
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_get_vara_text( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vara_text( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_get_vars_double_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count,
                                const ptrdiff_t* stride, double* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    if( backend == NCB_BUFFERED )
    {
        // Buffered backend doesn't distinguish indep / collective — re-use
        // the collective stride wrapper which already implements the
        // per-rank scatter pattern with stride.
        return mbnc_get_vars_double( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, stride, data );
    }
#endif
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims], st[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        for( int i = 0; i < ndims; ++i )
            st[i] = static_cast< MPI_Offset >( stride[i] );
        return ncmpi_get_vars_double( libId, varid, s, c, st, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_get_vars_double( libId, varid, start, count, stride, data );
}
 
int mbnc_put_vara_double_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count,
                                const double* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_put_vara_double( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_vara_double( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_put_vara_int_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, const int* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_put_vara_int( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_vara_int( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_put_vara_text_indep( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, const char* data )
{
    const int libId         = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_put_vara_text( libId, varid, s, c, data );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    return nc_put_vara_text( libId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_iput_vara_double( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, const double* data,
                           int* req )
{
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        const int libId = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_iput_vara_double( libId, varid, s, c, data, req );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    if( req ) *req = MBNC_REQ_NULL;
    return mbnc_put_vara_double( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_iput_vara_int( int taggedFileId, int varid, const size_t* start, const size_t* count, const int* data,
                        int* req )
{
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF )
    {
        const int libId = mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId );
        MPI_Offset s[kMaxDims], c[kMaxDims];
        int ndims = 0;
        int rc    = to_mpi_offset_pair( libId, varid, start, count, s, c, &ndims );
        if( rc != NC_NOERR ) return rc;
        return ncmpi_iput_vara_int( libId, varid, s, c, data, req );
    }
#endif
    (void)backend;
    if( req ) *req = MBNC_REQ_NULL;
    return mbnc_put_vara_int( taggedFileId, varid, start, count, data );
}
 
int mbnc_wait_all( int taggedFileId, int nreq, int* requests, int* statuses )
{
    const NcBackend backend = mbnc_backend_of( taggedFileId );
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_PNETCDF
    if( backend == NCB_PNETCDF ) return ncmpi_wait_all( mbnc_lib_id( taggedFileId ), nreq, requests, statuses );
#endif
    (void)backend;
    // No-op on non-PNetCDF backends: the corresponding iget_* already
    // performed the blocking call. Mark statuses as OK for sentinel reqs.
    if( statuses )
    {
        for( int i = 0; i < nreq; ++i )
        {
            if( !requests || requests[i] == MBNC_REQ_NULL ) statuses[i] = NC_NOERR;
        }
    }
    return NC_NOERR;
}
 
}  // namespace moab