Actual source code: ex10.c

petsc-3.7.7 2017-09-25
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  1: static const char help[] = "1D nonequilibrium radiation diffusion with Saha ionization model.\n\n";

  3: /*
  4:   This example implements the model described in

  6:     Rauenzahn, Mousseau, Knoll. "Temporal accuracy of the nonequilibrium radiation diffusion
  7:     equations employing a Saha ionization model" 2005.

  9:   The paper discusses three examples, the first two are nondimensional with a simple
 10:   ionization model.  The third example is fully dimensional and uses the Saha ionization
 11:   model with realistic parameters.
 12: */

 14: #include <petscts.h>
 15: #include <petscdm.h>
 16: #include <petscdmda.h>

 18: typedef enum {BC_DIRICHLET,BC_NEUMANN,BC_ROBIN} BCType;
 19: static const char *const BCTypes[] = {"DIRICHLET","NEUMANN","ROBIN","BCType","BC_",0};
 20: typedef enum {JACOBIAN_ANALYTIC,JACOBIAN_MATRIXFREE,JACOBIAN_FD_COLORING,JACOBIAN_FD_FULL} JacobianType;
 21: static const char *const JacobianTypes[] = {"ANALYTIC","MATRIXFREE","FD_COLORING","FD_FULL","JacobianType","FD_",0};
 22: typedef enum {DISCRETIZATION_FD,DISCRETIZATION_FE} DiscretizationType;
 23: static const char *const DiscretizationTypes[] = {"FD","FE","DiscretizationType","DISCRETIZATION_",0};
 24: typedef enum {QUADRATURE_GAUSS1,QUADRATURE_GAUSS2,QUADRATURE_GAUSS3,QUADRATURE_GAUSS4,QUADRATURE_LOBATTO2,QUADRATURE_LOBATTO3} QuadratureType;
 25: static const char *const QuadratureTypes[] = {"GAUSS1","GAUSS2","GAUSS3","GAUSS4","LOBATTO2","LOBATTO3","QuadratureType","QUADRATURE_",0};

 27: typedef struct {
 28:   PetscScalar E;                /* radiation energy */
 29:   PetscScalar T;                /* material temperature */
 30: } RDNode;

 32: typedef struct {
 33:   PetscReal meter,kilogram,second,Kelvin; /* Fundamental units */
 34:   PetscReal Joule,Watt;                   /* Derived units */
 35: } RDUnit;

 37: typedef struct _n_RD *RD;

 39: struct _n_RD {
 40:   void               (*MaterialEnergy)(RD,const RDNode*,PetscScalar*,RDNode*);
 41:   DM                 da;
 42:   PetscBool          monitor_residual;
 43:   DiscretizationType discretization;
 44:   QuadratureType     quadrature;
 45:   JacobianType       jacobian;
 46:   PetscInt           initial;
 47:   BCType             leftbc;
 48:   PetscBool          view_draw;
 49:   char               view_binary[PETSC_MAX_PATH_LEN];
 50:   PetscBool          test_diff;
 51:   PetscBool          endpoint;
 52:   PetscBool          bclimit;
 53:   PetscBool          bcmidpoint;
 54:   RDUnit             unit;

 56:   /* model constants, see Table 2 and RDCreate() */
 57:   PetscReal rho,K_R,K_p,I_H,m_p,m_e,h,k,c,sigma_b,beta,gamma;

 59:   /* Domain and boundary conditions */
 60:   PetscReal Eapplied;           /* Radiation flux from the left */
 61:   PetscReal L;                  /* Length of domain */
 62:   PetscReal final_time;
 63: };

 67: static PetscErrorCode RDDestroy(RD *rd)
 68: {

 72:   DMDestroy(&(*rd)->da);
 73:   PetscFree(*rd);
 74:   return(0);
 75: }

 77: /* The paper has a time derivative for material energy (Eq 2) which is a dependent variable (computable from temperature
 78:  * and density through an uninvertible relation).  Computing this derivative is trivial for trapezoid rule (used in the
 79:  * paper), but does not generalize nicely to higher order integrators.  Here we use the implicit form which provides
 80:  * time derivatives of the independent variables (radiation energy and temperature), so we must compute the time
 81:  * derivative of material energy ourselves (could be done using AD).
 82:  *
 83:  * There are multiple ionization models, this interface dispatches to the one currently in use.
 84:  */
 85: static void RDMaterialEnergy(RD rd,const RDNode *n,PetscScalar *Em,RDNode *dEm) { rd->MaterialEnergy(rd,n,Em,dEm); }

 87: /* Solves a quadratic equation while propagating tangents */
 88: static void QuadraticSolve(PetscScalar a,PetscScalar a_t,PetscScalar b,PetscScalar b_t,PetscScalar c,PetscScalar c_t,PetscScalar *x,PetscScalar *x_t)
 89: {
 90:   PetscScalar
 91:     disc   = b*b - 4.*a*c,
 92:     disc_t = 2.*b*b_t - 4.*a_t*c - 4.*a*c_t,
 93:     num    = -b + PetscSqrtScalar(disc), /* choose positive sign */
 94:     num_t  = -b_t + 0.5/PetscSqrtScalar(disc)*disc_t,
 95:     den    = 2.*a,
 96:     den_t  = 2.*a_t;
 97:   *x   = num/den;
 98:   *x_t = (num_t*den - num*den_t) / PetscSqr(den);
 99: }

101: /* The primary model presented in the paper */
102: static void RDMaterialEnergy_Saha(RD rd,const RDNode *n,PetscScalar *inEm,RDNode *dEm)
103: {
104:   PetscScalar Em,alpha,alpha_t,
105:               T     = n->T,
106:               T_t   = 1.,
107:               chi   = rd->I_H / (rd->k * T),
108:               chi_t = -chi / T * T_t,
109:               a     = 1.,
110:               a_t   = 0,
111:               b     = 4. * rd->m_p / rd->rho * PetscPowScalarReal(2. * PETSC_PI * rd->m_e * rd->I_H / PetscSqr(rd->h),1.5) * PetscExpScalar(-chi) * PetscPowScalarReal(chi,1.5), /* Eq 7 */
112:               b_t   = -b*chi_t + 1.5*b/chi*chi_t,
113:               c     = -b,
114:               c_t   = -b_t;
115:   QuadraticSolve(a,a_t,b,b_t,c,c_t,&alpha,&alpha_t);       /* Solve Eq 7 for alpha */
116:   Em = rd->k * T / rd->m_p * (1.5*(1.+alpha) + alpha*chi); /* Eq 6 */
117:   if (inEm) *inEm = Em;
118:   if (dEm) {
119:     dEm->E = 0;
120:     dEm->T = Em / T * T_t + rd->k * T / rd->m_p * (1.5*alpha_t + alpha_t*chi + alpha*chi_t);
121:   }
122: }
123: /* Reduced ionization model, Eq 30 */
124: static void RDMaterialEnergy_Reduced(RD rd,const RDNode *n,PetscScalar *Em,RDNode *dEm)
125: {
126:   PetscScalar alpha,alpha_t,
127:               T     = n->T,
128:               T_t   = 1.,
129:               chi   = -0.3 / T,
130:               chi_t = -chi / T * T_t,
131:               a     = 1.,
132:               a_t   = 0.,
133:               b     = PetscExpScalar(chi),
134:               b_t   = b*chi_t,
135:               c     = -b,
136:               c_t   = -b_t;
137:   QuadraticSolve(a,a_t,b,b_t,c,c_t,&alpha,&alpha_t);
138:   if (Em) *Em = (1.+alpha)*T + 0.3*alpha;
139:   if (dEm) {
140:     dEm->E = 0;
141:     dEm->T = alpha_t*T + (1.+alpha)*T_t + 0.3*alpha_t;
142:   }
143: }

145: /* Eq 5 */
146: static void RDSigma_R(RD rd,RDNode *n,PetscScalar *sigma_R,RDNode *dsigma_R)
147: {
148:   *sigma_R    = rd->K_R * rd->rho * PetscPowScalar(n->T,-rd->gamma);
149:   dsigma_R->E = 0;
150:   dsigma_R->T = -rd->gamma * (*sigma_R) / n->T;
151: }

153: /* Eq 4 */
154: static void RDDiffusionCoefficient(RD rd,PetscBool limit,RDNode *n,RDNode *nx,PetscScalar *D_R,RDNode *dD_R,RDNode *dxD_R)
155: {
156:   PetscScalar sigma_R,denom;
157:   RDNode      dsigma_R,ddenom,dxdenom;

159:   RDSigma_R(rd,n,&sigma_R,&dsigma_R);
160:   denom     = 3. * rd->rho * sigma_R + (int)limit * PetscAbsScalar(nx->E) / n->E;
161:   ddenom.E  = -(int)limit * PetscAbsScalar(nx->E) / PetscSqr(n->E);
162:   ddenom.T  = 3. * rd->rho * dsigma_R.T;
163:   dxdenom.E = (int)limit * (PetscRealPart(nx->E)<0 ? -1. : 1.) / n->E;
164:   dxdenom.T = 0;
165:   *D_R      = rd->c / denom;
166:   if (dD_R) {
167:     dD_R->E = -rd->c / PetscSqr(denom) * ddenom.E;
168:     dD_R->T = -rd->c / PetscSqr(denom) * ddenom.T;
169:   }
170:   if (dxD_R) {
171:     dxD_R->E = -rd->c / PetscSqr(denom) * dxdenom.E;
172:     dxD_R->T = -rd->c / PetscSqr(denom) * dxdenom.T;
173:   }
174: }

178: static PetscErrorCode RDStateView(RD rd,Vec X,Vec Xdot,Vec F)
179: {
181:   DMDALocalInfo  info;
182:   PetscInt       i;
183:   const RDNode   *x,*xdot,*f;
184:   MPI_Comm       comm;

187:   PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)rd->da,&comm);
188:   DMDAGetLocalInfo(rd->da,&info);
189:   DMDAVecGetArrayRead(rd->da,X,(void*)&x);
190:   DMDAVecGetArrayRead(rd->da,Xdot,(void*)&xdot);
191:   DMDAVecGetArrayRead(rd->da,F,(void*)&f);
192:   for (i=info.xs; i<info.xs+info.xm; i++) {
193:     PetscSynchronizedPrintf(comm,"x[%D] (%10.2G,%10.2G) (%10.2G,%10.2G) (%10.2G,%10.2G)\n",i,PetscRealPart(x[i].E),PetscRealPart(x[i].T),
194:                                    PetscRealPart(xdot[i].E),PetscRealPart(xdot[i].T), PetscRealPart(f[i].E),PetscRealPart(f[i].T));
195:   }
196:   DMDAVecRestoreArrayRead(rd->da,X,(void*)&x);
197:   DMDAVecRestoreArrayRead(rd->da,Xdot,(void*)&xdot);
198:   DMDAVecRestoreArrayRead(rd->da,F,(void*)&f);
199:   PetscSynchronizedFlush(comm,PETSC_STDOUT);
200:   return(0);
201: }

203: static PetscScalar RDRadiation(RD rd,const RDNode *n,RDNode *dn)
204: {
205:   PetscScalar sigma_p   = rd->K_p * rd->rho * PetscPowScalar(n->T,-rd->beta),
206:               sigma_p_T = -rd->beta * sigma_p / n->T,
207:               tmp       = 4.* rd->sigma_b*PetscSqr(PetscSqr(n->T)) / rd->c - n->E,
208:               tmp_E     = -1.,
209:               tmp_T     = 4. * rd->sigma_b * 4 * n->T*(PetscSqr(n->T)) / rd->c,
210:               rad       = sigma_p * rd->c * rd->rho * tmp,
211:               rad_E     = sigma_p * rd->c * rd->rho * tmp_E,
212:               rad_T     = rd->c * rd->rho * (sigma_p_T * tmp + sigma_p * tmp_T);
213:   if (dn) {
214:     dn->E = rad_E;
215:     dn->T = rad_T;
216:   }
217:   return rad;
218: }

220: static PetscScalar RDDiffusion(RD rd,PetscReal hx,const RDNode x[],PetscInt i,RDNode d[])
221: {
222:   PetscReal   ihx = 1./hx;
223:   RDNode      n_L,nx_L,n_R,nx_R,dD_L,dxD_L,dD_R,dxD_R,dfluxL[2],dfluxR[2];
224:   PetscScalar D_L,D_R,fluxL,fluxR;

226:   n_L.E  = 0.5*(x[i-1].E + x[i].E);
227:   n_L.T  = 0.5*(x[i-1].T + x[i].T);
228:   nx_L.E = (x[i].E - x[i-1].E)/hx;
229:   nx_L.T = (x[i].T - x[i-1].T)/hx;
230:   RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,PETSC_TRUE,&n_L,&nx_L,&D_L,&dD_L,&dxD_L);
231:   fluxL       = D_L*nx_L.E;
232:   dfluxL[0].E = -ihx*D_L + (0.5*dD_L.E - ihx*dxD_L.E)*nx_L.E;
233:   dfluxL[1].E = +ihx*D_L + (0.5*dD_L.E + ihx*dxD_L.E)*nx_L.E;
234:   dfluxL[0].T = (0.5*dD_L.T - ihx*dxD_L.T)*nx_L.E;
235:   dfluxL[1].T = (0.5*dD_L.T + ihx*dxD_L.T)*nx_L.E;

237:   n_R.E  = 0.5*(x[i].E + x[i+1].E);
238:   n_R.T  = 0.5*(x[i].T + x[i+1].T);
239:   nx_R.E = (x[i+1].E - x[i].E)/hx;
240:   nx_R.T = (x[i+1].T - x[i].T)/hx;
241:   RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,PETSC_TRUE,&n_R,&nx_R,&D_R,&dD_R,&dxD_R);
242:   fluxR       = D_R*nx_R.E;
243:   dfluxR[0].E = -ihx*D_R + (0.5*dD_R.E - ihx*dxD_R.E)*nx_R.E;
244:   dfluxR[1].E = +ihx*D_R + (0.5*dD_R.E + ihx*dxD_R.E)*nx_R.E;
245:   dfluxR[0].T = (0.5*dD_R.T - ihx*dxD_R.T)*nx_R.E;
246:   dfluxR[1].T = (0.5*dD_R.T + ihx*dxD_R.T)*nx_R.E;

248:   if (d) {
249:     d[0].E = -ihx*dfluxL[0].E;
250:     d[0].T = -ihx*dfluxL[0].T;
251:     d[1].E =  ihx*(dfluxR[0].E - dfluxL[1].E);
252:     d[1].T =  ihx*(dfluxR[0].T - dfluxL[1].T);
253:     d[2].E =  ihx*dfluxR[1].E;
254:     d[2].T =  ihx*dfluxR[1].T;
255:   }
256:   return ihx*(fluxR - fluxL);
257: }

261: static PetscErrorCode RDGetLocalArrays(RD rd,TS ts,Vec X,Vec Xdot,PetscReal *Theta,PetscReal *dt,Vec *X0loc,RDNode **x0,Vec *Xloc,RDNode **x,Vec *Xloc_t,RDNode **xdot)
262: {
264:   PetscBool      istheta;

267:   DMGetLocalVector(rd->da,X0loc);
268:   DMGetLocalVector(rd->da,Xloc);
269:   DMGetLocalVector(rd->da,Xloc_t);

271:   DMGlobalToLocalBegin(rd->da,X,INSERT_VALUES,*Xloc);
272:   DMGlobalToLocalEnd(rd->da,X,INSERT_VALUES,*Xloc);
273:   DMGlobalToLocalBegin(rd->da,Xdot,INSERT_VALUES,*Xloc_t);
274:   DMGlobalToLocalEnd(rd->da,Xdot,INSERT_VALUES,*Xloc_t);

276:   /*
277:     The following is a hack to subvert TSTHETA which is like an implicit midpoint method to behave more like a trapezoid
278:     rule.  These methods have equivalent linear stability, but the nonlinear stability is somewhat different.  The
279:     radiation system is inconvenient to write in explicit form because the ionization model is "on the left".
280:    */
281:   PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)ts,TSTHETA,&istheta);
282:   if (istheta && rd->endpoint) {
283:     TSThetaGetTheta(ts,Theta);
284:   } else *Theta = 1.;

286:   TSGetTimeStep(ts,dt);
287:   VecWAXPY(*X0loc,-(*Theta)*(*dt),*Xloc_t,*Xloc); /* back out the value at the start of this step */
288:   if (rd->endpoint) {
289:     VecWAXPY(*Xloc,*dt,*Xloc_t,*X0loc);      /* move the abscissa to the end of the step */
290:   }

292:   DMDAVecGetArray(rd->da,*X0loc,x0);
293:   DMDAVecGetArray(rd->da,*Xloc,x);
294:   DMDAVecGetArray(rd->da,*Xloc_t,xdot);
295:   return(0);
296: }

300: static PetscErrorCode RDRestoreLocalArrays(RD rd,Vec *X0loc,RDNode **x0,Vec *Xloc,RDNode **x,Vec *Xloc_t,RDNode **xdot)
301: {

305:   DMDAVecRestoreArray(rd->da,*X0loc,x0);
306:   DMDAVecRestoreArray(rd->da,*Xloc,x);
307:   DMDAVecRestoreArray(rd->da,*Xloc_t,xdot);
308:   DMRestoreLocalVector(rd->da,X0loc);
309:   DMRestoreLocalVector(rd->da,Xloc);
310:   DMRestoreLocalVector(rd->da,Xloc_t);
311:   return(0);
312: }

316: static PetscErrorCode RDCheckDomain_Private(RD rd,TS ts,Vec X,PetscBool  *in)
317: {
319:   PetscInt       minloc;
320:   PetscReal      min;

323:   VecMin(X,&minloc,&min);
324:   if (min < 0) {
325:     SNES snes;
326:     *in  = PETSC_FALSE;
327:     TSGetSNES(ts,&snes);
328:     SNESSetFunctionDomainError(snes);
329:     PetscInfo3(ts,"Domain violation at %D field %D value %g\n",minloc/2,minloc%2,(double)min);
330:   } else *in = PETSC_TRUE;
331:   return(0);
332: }

334: /* Energy and temperature must remain positive */
335: #define RDCheckDomain(rd,ts,X) do {                                \
336:     PetscErrorCode _ierr;                                          \
337:     PetscBool      _in;                                                \
338:     _RDCheckDomain_Private(rd,ts,X,&_in);CHKERRQ(_ierr);    \
339:     if (!_in) return(0);                              \
340:   } while (0)

344: static PetscErrorCode RDIFunction_FD(TS ts,PetscReal t,Vec X,Vec Xdot,Vec F,void *ctx)
345: {
347:   RD             rd = (RD)ctx;
348:   RDNode         *x,*x0,*xdot,*f;
349:   Vec            X0loc,Xloc,Xloc_t;
350:   PetscReal      hx,Theta,dt;
351:   DMDALocalInfo  info;
352:   PetscInt       i;

355:   RDCheckDomain(rd,ts,X);
356:   RDGetLocalArrays(rd,ts,X,Xdot,&Theta,&dt,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);
357:   DMDAVecGetArray(rd->da,F,&f);
358:   DMDAGetLocalInfo(rd->da,&info);
359:   VecZeroEntries(F);

361:   hx = rd->L / (info.mx-1);

363:   for (i=info.xs; i<info.xs+info.xm; i++) {
364:     PetscReal   rho = rd->rho;
365:     PetscScalar Em_t,rad;

367:     rad = (1.-Theta)*RDRadiation(rd,&x0[i],0) + Theta*RDRadiation(rd,&x[i],0);
368:     if (rd->endpoint) {
369:       PetscScalar Em0,Em1;
370:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&x0[i],&Em0,NULL);
371:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&x[i],&Em1,NULL);
372:       Em_t = (Em1 - Em0) / dt;
373:     } else {
374:       RDNode dEm;
375:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&x[i],NULL,&dEm);
376:       Em_t = dEm.E * xdot[i].E + dEm.T * xdot[i].T;
377:     }
378:     /* Residuals are multiplied by the volume element (hx).  */
379:     /* The temperature equation does not have boundary conditions */
380:     f[i].T = hx*(rho*Em_t + rad);

382:     if (i == 0) {               /* Left boundary condition */
383:       PetscScalar D_R,bcTheta = rd->bcmidpoint ? Theta : 1.;
384:       RDNode      n, nx;

386:       n.E  =  (1.-bcTheta)*x0[0].E + bcTheta*x[0].E;
387:       n.T  =  (1.-bcTheta)*x0[0].T + bcTheta*x[0].T;
388:       nx.E = ((1.-bcTheta)*(x0[1].E-x0[0].E) + bcTheta*(x[1].E-x[0].E))/hx;
389:       nx.T = ((1.-bcTheta)*(x0[1].T-x0[0].T) + bcTheta*(x[1].T-x[0].T))/hx;
390:       switch (rd->leftbc) {
391:       case BC_ROBIN:
392:         RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D_R,0,0);
393:         f[0].E = hx*(n.E - 2. * D_R * nx.E - rd->Eapplied);
394:         break;
395:       case BC_NEUMANN:
396:         f[0].E = x[1].E - x[0].E;
397:         break;
398:       default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Case %D",rd->initial);
399:       }
400:     } else if (i == info.mx-1) { /* Right boundary */
401:       f[i].E = x[i].E - x[i-1].E; /* Homogeneous Neumann */
402:     } else {
403:       PetscScalar diff = (1.-Theta)*RDDiffusion(rd,hx,x0,i,0) + Theta*RDDiffusion(rd,hx,x,i,0);
404:       f[i].E = hx*(xdot[i].E - diff - rad);
405:     }
406:   }
407:   RDRestoreLocalArrays(rd,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);
408:   DMDAVecRestoreArray(rd->da,F,&f);
409:   if (rd->monitor_residual) {RDStateView(rd,X,Xdot,F);}
410:   return(0);
411: }

415: static PetscErrorCode RDIJacobian_FD(TS ts,PetscReal t,Vec X,Vec Xdot,PetscReal a,Mat A,Mat B,void *ctx)
416: {
418:   RD             rd = (RD)ctx;
419:   RDNode         *x,*x0,*xdot;
420:   Vec            X0loc,Xloc,Xloc_t;
421:   PetscReal      hx,Theta,dt;
422:   DMDALocalInfo  info;
423:   PetscInt       i;

426:   RDCheckDomain(rd,ts,X);
427:   RDGetLocalArrays(rd,ts,X,Xdot,&Theta,&dt,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);
428:   DMDAGetLocalInfo(rd->da,&info);
429:   hx   = rd->L / (info.mx-1);
430:   MatZeroEntries(B);

432:   for (i=info.xs; i<info.xs+info.xm; i++) {
433:     PetscInt                  col[3];
434:     PetscReal                 rho = rd->rho;
435:     PetscScalar /*Em_t,rad,*/ K[2][6];
436:     RDNode                    dEm_t,drad;

438:     /*rad = (1.-Theta)* */ RDRadiation(rd,&x0[i],0); /* + Theta* */ RDRadiation(rd,&x[i],&drad);

440:     if (rd->endpoint) {
441:       PetscScalar Em0,Em1;
442:       RDNode      dEm1;
443:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&x0[i],&Em0,NULL);
444:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&x[i],&Em1,&dEm1);
445:       /*Em_t = (Em1 - Em0) / (Theta*dt);*/
446:       dEm_t.E = dEm1.E / (Theta*dt);
447:       dEm_t.T = dEm1.T / (Theta*dt);
448:     } else {
449:       const PetscScalar epsilon = x[i].T * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON;
450:       RDNode            n1;
451:       RDNode            dEm,dEm1;
452:       PetscScalar       Em_TT;

454:       n1.E = x[i].E;
455:       n1.T = x[i].T+epsilon;
456:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&x[i],NULL,&dEm);
457:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&n1,NULL,&dEm1);
458:       /* The Jacobian needs another derivative.  We finite difference here instead of
459:        * propagating second derivatives through the ionization model. */
460:       Em_TT = (dEm1.T - dEm.T) / epsilon;
461:       /*Em_t = dEm.E * xdot[i].E + dEm.T * xdot[i].T;*/
462:       dEm_t.E = dEm.E * a;
463:       dEm_t.T = dEm.T * a + Em_TT * xdot[i].T;
464:     }

466:     PetscMemzero(K,sizeof(K));
467:     /* Residuals are multiplied by the volume element (hx).  */
468:     if (i == 0) {
469:       PetscScalar D,bcTheta = rd->bcmidpoint ? Theta : 1.;
470:       RDNode      n, nx;
471:       RDNode      dD,dxD;

473:       n.E  = (1.-bcTheta)*x0[0].E + bcTheta*x[0].E;
474:       n.T  = (1.-bcTheta)*x0[0].T + bcTheta*x[0].T;
475:       nx.E = ((1.-bcTheta)*(x0[1].E-x0[0].E) + bcTheta*(x[1].E-x[0].E))/hx;
476:       nx.T = ((1.-bcTheta)*(x0[1].T-x0[0].T) + bcTheta*(x[1].T-x[0].T))/hx;
477:       switch (rd->leftbc) {
478:       case BC_ROBIN:
479:         RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D,&dD,&dxD);
480:         K[0][1*2+0] = (bcTheta/Theta)*hx*(1. -2.*D*(-1./hx) - 2.*nx.E*dD.E + 2.*nx.E*dxD.E/hx);
481:         K[0][1*2+1] = (bcTheta/Theta)*hx*(-2.*nx.E*dD.T);
482:         K[0][2*2+0] = (bcTheta/Theta)*hx*(-2.*D*(1./hx) - 2.*nx.E*dD.E - 2.*nx.E*dxD.E/hx);
483:         break;
484:       case BC_NEUMANN:
485:         K[0][1*2+0] = -1./Theta;
486:         K[0][2*2+0] = 1./Theta;
487:         break;
488:       default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Case %D",rd->initial);
489:       }
490:     } else if (i == info.mx-1) {
491:       K[0][0*2+0] = -1./Theta;
492:       K[0][1*2+0] = 1./Theta;
493:     } else {
494:       /*PetscScalar diff;*/
495:       RDNode ddiff[3];
496:       /*diff = (1.-Theta)*RDDiffusion(rd,hx,x0,i,0) + Theta* */ RDDiffusion(rd,hx,x,i,ddiff);
497:       K[0][0*2+0] = -hx*ddiff[0].E;
498:       K[0][0*2+1] = -hx*ddiff[0].T;
499:       K[0][1*2+0] = hx*(a - ddiff[1].E - drad.E);
500:       K[0][1*2+1] = hx*(-ddiff[1].T - drad.T);
501:       K[0][2*2+0] = -hx*ddiff[2].E;
502:       K[0][2*2+1] = -hx*ddiff[2].T;
503:     }

505:     K[1][1*2+0] = hx*(rho*dEm_t.E + drad.E);
506:     K[1][1*2+1] = hx*(rho*dEm_t.T + drad.T);

508:     col[0] = i-1;
509:     col[1] = i;
510:     col[2] = i+1<info.mx ? i+1 : -1;
511:     MatSetValuesBlocked(B,1,&i,3,col,&K[0][0],INSERT_VALUES);
512:   }
513:   RDRestoreLocalArrays(rd,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);
514:   MatAssemblyBegin(B,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
515:   MatAssemblyEnd(B,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
516:   if (A != B) {
517:     MatAssemblyBegin(A,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
518:     MatAssemblyEnd(A,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
519:   }
520:   return(0);
521: }

523: /* Evaluate interpolants and derivatives at a select quadrature point */
524: static void RDEvaluate(PetscReal interp[][2],PetscReal deriv[][2],PetscInt q,const RDNode x[],PetscInt i,RDNode *n,RDNode *nx)
525: {
526:   PetscInt j;
527:   n->E = 0; n->T = 0; nx->E = 0; nx->T = 0;
528:   for (j=0; j<2; j++) {
529:     n->E  += interp[q][j] * x[i+j].E;
530:     n->T  += interp[q][j] * x[i+j].T;
531:     nx->E += deriv[q][j] * x[i+j].E;
532:     nx->T += deriv[q][j] * x[i+j].T;
533:   }
534: }

538: /*
539:  Various quadrature rules.  The nonlinear terms are non-polynomial so no standard quadrature will be exact.
540: */
541: static PetscErrorCode RDGetQuadrature(RD rd,PetscReal hx,PetscInt *nq,PetscReal weight[],PetscReal interp[][2],PetscReal deriv[][2])
542: {
543:   PetscInt        q,j;
544:   const PetscReal *refweight,(*refinterp)[2],(*refderiv)[2];

547:   switch (rd->quadrature) {
548:   case QUADRATURE_GAUSS1: {
549:     static const PetscReal ww[1] = {1.},ii[1][2] = {{0.5,0.5}},dd[1][2] = {{-1.,1.}};
550:     *nq = 1; refweight = ww; refinterp = ii; refderiv = dd;
551:   } break;
552:   case QUADRATURE_GAUSS2: {
553:     static const PetscReal ii[2][2] = {{0.78867513459481287,0.21132486540518713},{0.21132486540518713,0.78867513459481287}},dd[2][2] = {{-1.,1.},{-1.,1.}},ww[2] = {0.5,0.5};
554:     *nq = 2; refweight = ww; refinterp = ii; refderiv = dd;
555:   } break;
556:   case QUADRATURE_GAUSS3: {
557:     static const PetscReal ii[3][2] = {{0.8872983346207417,0.1127016653792583},{0.5,0.5},{0.1127016653792583,0.8872983346207417}},
558:                            dd[3][2] = {{-1,1},{-1,1},{-1,1}},ww[3] = {5./18,8./18,5./18};
559:     *nq = 3; refweight = ww; refinterp = ii; refderiv = dd;
560:   } break;
561:   case QUADRATURE_GAUSS4: {
562:     static const PetscReal ii[][2] = {{0.93056815579702623,0.069431844202973658},
563:                                       {0.66999052179242813,0.33000947820757187},
564:                                       {0.33000947820757187,0.66999052179242813},
565:                                       {0.069431844202973658,0.93056815579702623}},
566:                            dd[][2] = {{-1,1},{-1,1},{-1,1},{-1,1}},ww[] = {0.17392742256872692,0.3260725774312731,0.3260725774312731,0.17392742256872692};

568:     *nq = 4; refweight = ww; refinterp = ii; refderiv = dd;
569:   } break;
570:   case QUADRATURE_LOBATTO2: {
571:     static const PetscReal ii[2][2] = {{1.,0.},{0.,1.}},dd[2][2] = {{-1.,1.},{-1.,1.}},ww[2] = {0.5,0.5};
572:     *nq = 2; refweight = ww; refinterp = ii; refderiv = dd;
573:   } break;
574:   case QUADRATURE_LOBATTO3: {
575:     static const PetscReal ii[3][2] = {{1,0},{0.5,0.5},{0,1}},dd[3][2] = {{-1,1},{-1,1},{-1,1}},ww[3] = {1./6,4./6,1./6};
576:     *nq = 3; refweight = ww; refinterp = ii; refderiv = dd;
577:   } break;
578:   default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Unknown quadrature %d",(int)rd->quadrature);
579:   }

581:   for (q=0; q<*nq; q++) {
582:     weight[q] = refweight[q] * hx;
583:     for (j=0; j<2; j++) {
584:       interp[q][j] = refinterp[q][j];
585:       deriv[q][j]  = refderiv[q][j] / hx;
586:     }
587:   }
588:   return(0);
589: }

593: /*
594:  Finite element version
595: */
596: static PetscErrorCode RDIFunction_FE(TS ts,PetscReal t,Vec X,Vec Xdot,Vec F,void *ctx)
597: {
599:   RD             rd = (RD)ctx;
600:   RDNode         *x,*x0,*xdot,*f;
601:   Vec            X0loc,Xloc,Xloc_t,Floc;
602:   PetscReal      hx,Theta,dt,weight[5],interp[5][2],deriv[5][2];
603:   DMDALocalInfo  info;
604:   PetscInt       i,j,q,nq;

607:   RDCheckDomain(rd,ts,X);
608:   RDGetLocalArrays(rd,ts,X,Xdot,&Theta,&dt,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);

610:   DMGetLocalVector(rd->da,&Floc);
611:   VecZeroEntries(Floc);
612:   DMDAVecGetArray(rd->da,Floc,&f);
613:   DMDAGetLocalInfo(rd->da,&info);

615:   /* Set up shape functions and quadrature for elements (assumes a uniform grid) */
616:   hx   = rd->L / (info.mx-1);
617:   RDGetQuadrature(rd,hx,&nq,weight,interp,deriv);

619:   for (i=info.xs; i<PetscMin(info.xs+info.xm,info.mx-1); i++) {
620:     for (q=0; q<nq; q++) {
621:       PetscReal   rho = rd->rho;
622:       PetscScalar Em_t,rad,D_R,D0_R;
623:       RDNode      n,n0,nx,n0x,nt,ntx;
624:       RDEvaluate(interp,deriv,q,x,i,&n,&nx);
625:       RDEvaluate(interp,deriv,q,x0,i,&n0,&n0x);
626:       RDEvaluate(interp,deriv,q,xdot,i,&nt,&ntx);

628:       rad = (1.-Theta)*RDRadiation(rd,&n0,0) + Theta*RDRadiation(rd,&n,0);
629:       if (rd->endpoint) {
630:         PetscScalar Em0,Em1;
631:         RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&n0,&Em0,NULL);
632:         RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&n,&Em1,NULL);
633:         Em_t = (Em1 - Em0) / dt;
634:       } else {
635:         RDNode dEm;
636:         RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&n,NULL,&dEm);
637:         Em_t = dEm.E * nt.E + dEm.T * nt.T;
638:       }
639:       RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,PETSC_TRUE,&n0,&n0x,&D0_R,0,0);
640:       RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,PETSC_TRUE,&n,&nx,&D_R,0,0);
641:       for (j=0; j<2; j++) {
642:         f[i+j].E += (deriv[q][j] * weight[q] * ((1.-Theta)*D0_R*n0x.E + Theta*D_R*nx.E)
643:                      + interp[q][j] * weight[q] * (nt.E - rad));
644:         f[i+j].T += interp[q][j] * weight[q] * (rho * Em_t + rad);
645:       }
646:     }
647:   }
648:   if (info.xs == 0) {
649:     switch (rd->leftbc) {
650:     case BC_ROBIN: {
651:       PetscScalar D_R,D_R_bc;
652:       PetscReal   ratio,bcTheta = rd->bcmidpoint ? Theta : 1.;
653:       RDNode      n, nx;

655:       n.E  = (1-bcTheta)*x0[0].E + bcTheta*x[0].E;
656:       n.T  = (1-bcTheta)*x0[0].T + bcTheta*x[0].T;
657:       nx.E = (x[1].E-x[0].E)/hx;
658:       nx.T = (x[1].T-x[0].T)/hx;
659:       RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,PETSC_TRUE,&n,&nx,&D_R,0,0);
660:       RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D_R_bc,0,0);
661:       ratio = PetscRealPart(D_R/D_R_bc);
662:       if (ratio > 1.) SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_SELF,1,"Limited diffusivity is greater than unlimited");
663:       if (ratio < 1e-3) SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_SELF,1,"Heavily limited diffusivity");
664:       f[0].E += -ratio*0.5*(rd->Eapplied - n.E);
665:     } break;
666:     case BC_NEUMANN:
667:       /* homogeneous Neumann is the natural condition */
668:       break;
669:     default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Case %D",rd->initial);
670:     }
671:   }

673:   RDRestoreLocalArrays(rd,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);
674:   DMDAVecRestoreArray(rd->da,Floc,&f);
675:   VecZeroEntries(F);
676:   DMLocalToGlobalBegin(rd->da,Floc,ADD_VALUES,F);
677:   DMLocalToGlobalEnd(rd->da,Floc,ADD_VALUES,F);
678:   DMRestoreLocalVector(rd->da,&Floc);

680:   if (rd->monitor_residual) {RDStateView(rd,X,Xdot,F);}
681:   return(0);
682: }

686: static PetscErrorCode RDIJacobian_FE(TS ts,PetscReal t,Vec X,Vec Xdot,PetscReal a,Mat A,Mat B,void *ctx)
687: {
689:   RD             rd = (RD)ctx;
690:   RDNode         *x,*x0,*xdot;
691:   Vec            X0loc,Xloc,Xloc_t;
692:   PetscReal      hx,Theta,dt,weight[5],interp[5][2],deriv[5][2];
693:   DMDALocalInfo  info;
694:   PetscInt       i,j,k,q,nq;
695:   PetscScalar    K[4][4];

698:   RDCheckDomain(rd,ts,X);
699:   RDGetLocalArrays(rd,ts,X,Xdot,&Theta,&dt,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);
700:   DMDAGetLocalInfo(rd->da,&info);
701:   hx   = rd->L / (info.mx-1);
702:   RDGetQuadrature(rd,hx,&nq,weight,interp,deriv);
703:   MatZeroEntries(B);
704:   for (i=info.xs; i<PetscMin(info.xs+info.xm,info.mx-1); i++) {
705:     PetscInt rc[2];

707:     rc[0] = i; rc[1] = i+1;
708:     PetscMemzero(K,sizeof(K));
709:     for (q=0; q<nq; q++) {
710:       PetscScalar              D_R;
711:       PETSC_UNUSED PetscScalar rad;
712:       RDNode                   n,nx,nt,ntx,drad,dD_R,dxD_R,dEm;
713:       RDEvaluate(interp,deriv,q,x,i,&n,&nx);
714:       RDEvaluate(interp,deriv,q,xdot,i,&nt,&ntx);
715:       rad = RDRadiation(rd,&n,&drad);
716:       RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,PETSC_TRUE,&n,&nx,&D_R,&dD_R,&dxD_R);
717:       RDMaterialEnergy(rd,&n,NULL,&dEm);
718:       for (j=0; j<2; j++) {
719:         for (k=0; k<2; k++) {
720:           K[j*2+0][k*2+0] += (+interp[q][j] * weight[q] * (a - drad.E) * interp[q][k]
721:                               + deriv[q][j] * weight[q] * ((D_R + dxD_R.E * nx.E) * deriv[q][k] + dD_R.E * nx.E * interp[q][k]));
722:           K[j*2+0][k*2+1] += (+interp[q][j] * weight[q] * (-drad.T * interp[q][k])
723:                               + deriv[q][j] * weight[q] * (dxD_R.T * deriv[q][k] + dD_R.T * interp[q][k]) * nx.E);
724:           K[j*2+1][k*2+0] +=   interp[q][j] * weight[q] * drad.E * interp[q][k];
725:           K[j*2+1][k*2+1] +=   interp[q][j] * weight[q] * (a * rd->rho * dEm.T + drad.T) * interp[q][k];
726:         }
727:       }
728:     }
729:     MatSetValuesBlocked(B,2,rc,2,rc,&K[0][0],ADD_VALUES);
730:   }
731:   if (info.xs == 0) {
732:     switch (rd->leftbc) {
733:     case BC_ROBIN: {
734:       PetscScalar D_R,D_R_bc;
735:       PetscReal   ratio;
736:       RDNode      n, nx;

738:       n.E  = (1-Theta)*x0[0].E + Theta*x[0].E;
739:       n.T  = (1-Theta)*x0[0].T + Theta*x[0].T;
740:       nx.E = (x[1].E-x[0].E)/hx;
741:       nx.T = (x[1].T-x[0].T)/hx;
742:       RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,PETSC_TRUE,&n,&nx,&D_R,0,0);
743:       RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D_R_bc,0,0);
744:       ratio = PetscRealPart(D_R/D_R_bc);
745:       MatSetValue(B,0,0,ratio*0.5,ADD_VALUES);
746:     } break;
747:     case BC_NEUMANN:
748:       /* homogeneous Neumann is the natural condition */
749:       break;
750:     default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Case %D",rd->initial);
751:     }
752:   }

754:   RDRestoreLocalArrays(rd,&X0loc,&x0,&Xloc,&x,&Xloc_t,&xdot);
755:   MatAssemblyBegin(B,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
756:   MatAssemblyEnd(B,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
757:   if (A != B) {
758:     MatAssemblyBegin(A,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
759:     MatAssemblyEnd(A,MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
760:   }
761:   return(0);
762: }

764: /* Temperature that is in equilibrium with the radiation density */
765: static PetscScalar RDRadiationTemperature(RD rd,PetscScalar E) { return PetscPowScalar(E*rd->c/(4.*rd->sigma_b),0.25); }

769: static PetscErrorCode RDInitialState(RD rd,Vec X)
770: {
771:   DMDALocalInfo  info;
772:   PetscInt       i;
773:   RDNode         *x;

777:   DMDAGetLocalInfo(rd->da,&info);
778:   DMDAVecGetArray(rd->da,X,&x);
779:   for (i=info.xs; i<info.xs+info.xm; i++) {
780:     PetscReal coord = i*rd->L/(info.mx-1);
781:     switch (rd->initial) {
782:     case 1:
783:       x[i].E = 0.001;
784:       x[i].T = RDRadiationTemperature(rd,x[i].E);
785:       break;
786:     case 2:
787:       x[i].E = 0.001 + 100.*PetscExpReal(-PetscSqr(coord/0.1));
788:       x[i].T = RDRadiationTemperature(rd,x[i].E);
789:       break;
790:     case 3:
791:       x[i].E = 7.56e-2 * rd->unit.Joule / PetscPowScalarInt(rd->unit.meter,3);
792:       x[i].T = RDRadiationTemperature(rd,x[i].E);
793:       break;
794:     default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"No initial state %D",rd->initial);
795:     }
796:   }
797:   DMDAVecRestoreArray(rd->da,X,&x);
798:   return(0);
799: }

803: static PetscErrorCode RDView(RD rd,Vec X,PetscViewer viewer)
804: {
806:   Vec            Y;
807:   const RDNode   *x;
808:   PetscScalar    *y;
809:   PetscInt       i,m,M;
810:   const PetscInt *lx;
811:   DM             da;
812:   MPI_Comm       comm;

815:   /*
816:     Create a DMDA (one dof per node, zero stencil width, same layout) to hold Trad
817:     (radiation temperature).  It is not necessary to create a DMDA for this, but this way
818:     output and visualization will have meaningful variable names and correct scales.
819:   */
820:   DMDAGetInfo(rd->da,0, &M,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0);
821:   DMDAGetOwnershipRanges(rd->da,&lx,0,0);
822:   PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)rd->da,&comm);
823:   DMDACreate1d(comm,DM_BOUNDARY_NONE,M,1,0,lx,&da);
824:   DMDASetUniformCoordinates(da,0.,rd->L,0.,0.,0.,0.);
825:   DMDASetFieldName(da,0,"T_rad");
826:   DMCreateGlobalVector(da,&Y);

828:   /* Compute the radiation temperature from the solution at each node */
829:   VecGetLocalSize(Y,&m);
830:   VecGetArrayRead(X,(const PetscScalar **)&x);
831:   VecGetArray(Y,&y);
832:   for (i=0; i<m; i++) y[i] = RDRadiationTemperature(rd,x[i].E);
833:   VecRestoreArrayRead(X,(const PetscScalar**)&x);
834:   VecRestoreArray(Y,&y);

836:   VecView(Y,viewer);
837:   VecDestroy(&Y);
838:   DMDestroy(&da);
839:   return(0);
840: }

844: static PetscErrorCode RDTestDifferentiation(RD rd)
845: {
846:   MPI_Comm       comm;
848:   RDNode         n,nx;
849:   PetscScalar    epsilon;

852:   PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)rd->da,&comm);
853:   epsilon = 1e-8;
854:   {
855:     RDNode      dEm,fdEm;
856:     PetscScalar T0 = 1000.,T1 = T0*(1.+epsilon),Em0,Em1;
857:     n.E = 1.;
858:     n.T = T0;
859:     rd->MaterialEnergy(rd,&n,&Em0,&dEm);
860:     n.E = 1.+epsilon;
861:     n.T = T0;
862:     rd->MaterialEnergy(rd,&n,&Em1,0);
863:     fdEm.E = (Em1-Em0)/epsilon;
864:     n.E = 1.;
865:     n.T = T1;
866:     rd->MaterialEnergy(rd,&n,&Em1,0);
867:     fdEm.T = (Em1-Em0)/(T0*epsilon);
868:     PetscPrintf(comm,"dEm {%g,%g}, fdEm {%g,%g}, diff {%g,%g}\n",(double)PetscRealPart(dEm.E),(double)PetscRealPart(dEm.T),
869:                        (double)PetscRealPart(fdEm.E),(double)PetscRealPart(fdEm.T),(double)PetscRealPart(dEm.E-fdEm.E),(double)PetscRealPart(dEm.T-fdEm.T));
870:   }
871:   {
872:     PetscScalar D0,D;
873:     RDNode      dD,dxD,fdD,fdxD;
874:     n.E = 1.;          n.T = 1.;           nx.E = 1.;          n.T = 1.;
875:     RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D0,&dD,&dxD);
876:     n.E = 1.+epsilon;  n.T = 1.;           nx.E = 1.;          n.T = 1.;
877:     RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D,0,0); fdD.E = (D-D0)/epsilon;
878:     n.E = 1;           n.T = 1.+epsilon;   nx.E = 1.;          n.T = 1.;
879:     RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D,0,0); fdD.T = (D-D0)/epsilon;
880:     n.E = 1;           n.T = 1.;           nx.E = 1.+epsilon;  n.T = 1.;
881:     RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D,0,0); fdxD.E = (D-D0)/epsilon;
882:     n.E = 1;           n.T = 1.;           nx.E = 1.;          n.T = 1.+epsilon;
883:     RDDiffusionCoefficient(rd,rd->bclimit,&n,&nx,&D,0,0); fdxD.T = (D-D0)/epsilon;
884:     PetscPrintf(comm,"dD {%g,%g}, fdD {%g,%g}, diff {%g,%g}\n",(double)PetscRealPart(dD.E),(double)PetscRealPart(dD.T),
885:                        (double)PetscRealPart(fdD.E),(double)PetscRealPart(fdD.T),(double)PetscRealPart(dD.E-fdD.E),(double)PetscRealPart(dD.T-fdD.T));
886:     PetscPrintf(comm,"dxD {%g,%g}, fdxD {%g,%g}, diffx {%g,%g}\n",(double)PetscRealPart(dxD.E),(double)PetscRealPart(dxD.T),
887:                        (double)PetscRealPart(fdxD.E),(double)PetscRealPart(fdxD.T),(double)PetscRealPart(dxD.E-fdxD.E),(double)PetscRealPart(dxD.T-fdxD.T));
888:   }
889:   {
890:     PetscInt    i;
891:     PetscReal   hx = 1.;
892:     PetscScalar a0;
893:     RDNode      n0[3],n1[3],d[3],fd[3];

895:     n0[0].E = 1.;
896:     n0[0].T = 1.;
897:     n0[1].E = 5.;
898:     n0[1].T = 3.;
899:     n0[2].E = 4.;
900:     n0[2].T = 2.;
901:     a0 = RDDiffusion(rd,hx,n0,1,d);
902:     for (i=0; i<3; i++) {
903:       PetscMemcpy(n1,n0,sizeof(n0)); n1[i].E += epsilon;
904:       fd[i].E = (RDDiffusion(rd,hx,n1,1,0)-a0)/epsilon;
905:       PetscMemcpy(n1,n0,sizeof(n0)); n1[i].T += epsilon;
906:       fd[i].T = (RDDiffusion(rd,hx,n1,1,0)-a0)/epsilon;
907:       PetscPrintf(comm,"ddiff[%D] {%g,%g}, fd {%g %g}, diff {%g,%g}\n",i,(double)PetscRealPart(d[i].E),(double)PetscRealPart(d[i].T),
908:                             (double)PetscRealPart(fd[i].E),(double)PetscRealPart(fd[i].T),(double)PetscRealPart(d[i].E-fd[i].E),(double)PetscRealPart(d[i].T-fd[i].T));
909:     }
910:   }
911:   {
912:     PetscScalar rad0,rad;
913:     RDNode      drad,fdrad;
914:     n.E  = 1.;         n.T = 1.;
915:     rad0 = RDRadiation(rd,&n,&drad);
916:     n.E  = 1.+epsilon; n.T = 1.;
917:     rad  = RDRadiation(rd,&n,0); fdrad.E = (rad-rad0)/epsilon;
918:     n.E  = 1.;         n.T = 1.+epsilon;
919:     rad  = RDRadiation(rd,&n,0); fdrad.T = (rad-rad0)/epsilon;
920:     PetscPrintf(comm,"drad {%g,%g}, fdrad {%g,%g}, diff {%g,%g}\n",(double)PetscRealPart(drad.E),(double)PetscRealPart(drad.T),
921:                        (double)PetscRealPart(fdrad.E),(double)PetscRealPart(fdrad.T),(double)PetscRealPart(drad.E-drad.E),(double)PetscRealPart(drad.T-fdrad.T));
922:   }
923:   return(0);
924: }

928: static PetscErrorCode RDCreate(MPI_Comm comm,RD *inrd)
929: {
931:   RD             rd;
932:   PetscReal      meter,kilogram,second,Kelvin,Joule,Watt;

935:   *inrd = 0;
936:   PetscNew(&rd);

938:   PetscOptionsBegin(comm,NULL,"Options for nonequilibrium radiation-diffusion with RD ionization",NULL);
939:   {
940:     rd->initial = 1;
941:     PetscOptionsInt("-rd_initial","Initial condition (1=Marshak, 2=Blast, 3=Marshak+)","",rd->initial,&rd->initial,0);
942:     switch (rd->initial) {
943:     case 1:
944:     case 2:
945:       rd->unit.kilogram = 1.;
946:       rd->unit.meter    = 1.;
947:       rd->unit.second   = 1.;
948:       rd->unit.Kelvin   = 1.;
949:       break;
950:     case 3:
951:       rd->unit.kilogram = 1.e12;
952:       rd->unit.meter    = 1.;
953:       rd->unit.second   = 1.e9;
954:       rd->unit.Kelvin   = 1.;
955:       break;
956:     default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Unknown initial condition %d",rd->initial);
957:     }
958:     /* Fundamental units */
959:     PetscOptionsReal("-rd_unit_meter","Length of 1 meter in nondimensional units","",rd->unit.meter,&rd->unit.meter,0);
960:     PetscOptionsReal("-rd_unit_kilogram","Mass of 1 kilogram in nondimensional units","",rd->unit.kilogram,&rd->unit.kilogram,0);
961:     PetscOptionsReal("-rd_unit_second","Time of a second in nondimensional units","",rd->unit.second,&rd->unit.second,0);
962:     PetscOptionsReal("-rd_unit_Kelvin","Temperature of a Kelvin in nondimensional units","",rd->unit.Kelvin,&rd->unit.Kelvin,0);
963:     /* Derived units */
964:     rd->unit.Joule = rd->unit.kilogram*PetscSqr(rd->unit.meter/rd->unit.second);
965:     rd->unit.Watt  = rd->unit.Joule/rd->unit.second;
966:     /* Local aliases */
967:     meter    = rd->unit.meter;
968:     kilogram = rd->unit.kilogram;
969:     second   = rd->unit.second;
970:     Kelvin   = rd->unit.Kelvin;
971:     Joule    = rd->unit.Joule;
972:     Watt     = rd->unit.Watt;

974:     PetscOptionsBool("-rd_monitor_residual","Display residuals every time they are evaluated","",rd->monitor_residual,&rd->monitor_residual,NULL);
975:     PetscOptionsEnum("-rd_discretization","Discretization type","",DiscretizationTypes,(PetscEnum)rd->discretization,(PetscEnum*)&rd->discretization,NULL);
976:     if (rd->discretization == DISCRETIZATION_FE) {
977:       rd->quadrature = QUADRATURE_GAUSS2;
978:       PetscOptionsEnum("-rd_quadrature","Finite element quadrature","",QuadratureTypes,(PetscEnum)rd->quadrature,(PetscEnum*)&rd->quadrature,NULL);
979:     }
980:     PetscOptionsEnum("-rd_jacobian","Type of finite difference Jacobian","",JacobianTypes,(PetscEnum)rd->jacobian,(PetscEnum*)&rd->jacobian,NULL);
981:     switch (rd->initial) {
982:     case 1:
983:       rd->leftbc     = BC_ROBIN;
984:       rd->Eapplied   = 4 * rd->unit.Joule / PetscPowRealInt(rd->unit.meter,3);
985:       rd->L          = 1. * rd->unit.meter;
986:       rd->beta       = 3.0;
987:       rd->gamma      = 3.0;
988:       rd->final_time = 3 * second;
989:       break;
990:     case 2:
991:       rd->leftbc     = BC_NEUMANN;
992:       rd->Eapplied   = 0.;
993:       rd->L          = 1. * rd->unit.meter;
994:       rd->beta       = 3.0;
995:       rd->gamma      = 3.0;
996:       rd->final_time = 1 * second;
997:       break;
998:     case 3:
999:       rd->leftbc     = BC_ROBIN;
1000:       rd->Eapplied   = 7.503e6 * rd->unit.Joule / PetscPowRealInt(rd->unit.meter,3);
1001:       rd->L          = 5. * rd->unit.meter;
1002:       rd->beta       = 3.5;
1003:       rd->gamma      = 3.5;
1004:       rd->final_time = 20e-9 * second;
1005:       break;
1006:     default: SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Initial %D",rd->initial);
1007:     }
1008:     PetscOptionsEnum("-rd_leftbc","Left boundary condition","",BCTypes,(PetscEnum)rd->leftbc,(PetscEnum*)&rd->leftbc,NULL);
1009:     PetscOptionsReal("-rd_E_applied","Radiation flux at left end of domain","",rd->Eapplied,&rd->Eapplied,NULL);
1010:     PetscOptionsReal("-rd_beta","Thermal exponent for photon absorption","",rd->beta,&rd->beta,NULL);
1011:     PetscOptionsReal("-rd_gamma","Thermal exponent for diffusion coefficient","",rd->gamma,&rd->gamma,NULL);
1012:     PetscOptionsBool("-rd_view_draw","Draw final solution","",rd->view_draw,&rd->view_draw,NULL);
1013:     PetscOptionsBool("-rd_endpoint","Discretize using endpoints (like trapezoid rule) instead of midpoint","",rd->endpoint,&rd->endpoint,NULL);
1014:     PetscOptionsBool("-rd_bcmidpoint","Impose the boundary condition at the midpoint (Theta) of the interval","",rd->bcmidpoint,&rd->bcmidpoint,NULL);
1015:     PetscOptionsBool("-rd_bclimit","Limit diffusion coefficient in definition of Robin boundary condition","",rd->bclimit,&rd->bclimit,NULL);
1016:     PetscOptionsBool("-rd_test_diff","Test differentiation in constitutive relations","",rd->test_diff,&rd->test_diff,NULL);
1017:     PetscOptionsString("-rd_view_binary","File name to hold final solution","",rd->view_binary,rd->view_binary,sizeof(rd->view_binary),NULL);
1018:   }
1019:   PetscOptionsEnd();

1021:   switch (rd->initial) {
1022:   case 1:
1023:   case 2:
1024:     rd->rho            = 1.;
1025:     rd->c              = 1.;
1026:     rd->K_R            = 1.;
1027:     rd->K_p            = 1.;
1028:     rd->sigma_b        = 0.25;
1029:     rd->MaterialEnergy = RDMaterialEnergy_Reduced;
1030:     break;
1031:   case 3:
1032:     /* Table 2 */
1033:     rd->rho     = 1.17e-3 * kilogram / (meter*meter*meter);                      /* density */
1034:     rd->K_R     = 7.44e18 * PetscPowRealInt(meter,5) * PetscPowReal(Kelvin,3.5) * PetscPowRealInt(kilogram,-2); /*  */
1035:     rd->K_p     = 2.33e20 * PetscPowRealInt(meter,5) * PetscPowReal(Kelvin,3.5) * PetscPowRealInt(kilogram,-2); /*  */
1036:     rd->I_H     = 2.179e-18 * Joule;                                             /* Hydrogen ionization potential */
1037:     rd->m_p     = 1.673e-27 * kilogram;                                          /* proton mass */
1038:     rd->m_e     = 9.109e-31 * kilogram;                                          /* electron mass */
1039:     rd->h       = 6.626e-34 * Joule * second;                                    /* Planck's constant */
1040:     rd->k       = 1.381e-23 * Joule / Kelvin;                                    /* Boltzman constant */
1041:     rd->c       = 3.00e8 * meter / second;                                       /* speed of light */
1042:     rd->sigma_b = 5.67e-8 * Watt * PetscPowRealInt(meter,-2) * PetscPowRealInt(Kelvin,-4);             /* Stefan-Boltzman constant */
1043:     rd->MaterialEnergy = RDMaterialEnergy_Saha;
1044:     break;
1045:   }

1047:   DMDACreate1d(comm,DM_BOUNDARY_NONE,-20,sizeof(RDNode)/sizeof(PetscScalar),1,NULL,&rd->da);
1048:   DMDASetFieldName(rd->da,0,"E");
1049:   DMDASetFieldName(rd->da,1,"T");
1050:   DMDASetUniformCoordinates(rd->da,0.,1.,0.,0.,0.,0.);

1052:   *inrd = rd;
1053:   return(0);
1054: }

1058: int main(int argc, char *argv[])
1059: {
1061:   RD             rd;
1062:   TS             ts;
1063:   SNES           snes;
1064:   Vec            X;
1065:   Mat            A,B;
1066:   PetscInt       steps;
1067:   PetscReal      ftime;

1069:   PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,0,help);
1070:   RDCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&rd);
1071:   DMCreateGlobalVector(rd->da,&X);
1072:   DMSetMatType(rd->da,MATAIJ);
1073:   DMCreateMatrix(rd->da,&B);
1074:   RDInitialState(rd,X);

1076:   TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);
1077:   TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);
1078:   TSSetType(ts,TSTHETA);
1079:   TSSetDM(ts,rd->da);
1080:   switch (rd->discretization) {
1081:   case DISCRETIZATION_FD:
1082:     TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,RDIFunction_FD,rd);
1083:     if (rd->jacobian == JACOBIAN_ANALYTIC) TSSetIJacobian(ts,B,B,RDIJacobian_FD,rd);
1084:     break;
1085:   case DISCRETIZATION_FE:
1086:     TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,RDIFunction_FE,rd);
1087:     if (rd->jacobian == JACOBIAN_ANALYTIC) TSSetIJacobian(ts,B,B,RDIJacobian_FE,rd);
1088:     break;
1089:   }
1090:   TSSetDuration(ts,10000,rd->final_time);
1091:   TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.,1e-3);
1092:   TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_STEPOVER);
1093:   TSSetFromOptions(ts);

1095:   A = B;
1096:   TSGetSNES(ts,&snes);
1097:   switch (rd->jacobian) {
1098:   case JACOBIAN_ANALYTIC:
1099:     break;
1100:   case JACOBIAN_MATRIXFREE:
1101:     break;
1102:   case JACOBIAN_FD_COLORING: {
1103:     SNESSetJacobian(snes,A,B,SNESComputeJacobianDefaultColor,0);
1104:   } break;
1105:   case JACOBIAN_FD_FULL:
1106:     SNESSetJacobian(snes,A,B,SNESComputeJacobianDefault,ts);
1107:     break;
1108:   }

1110:   if (rd->test_diff) {
1111:     RDTestDifferentiation(rd);
1112:   }
1113:   TSSolve(ts,X);
1114:   TSGetSolveTime(ts,&ftime);
1115:   TSGetTimeStepNumber(ts,&steps);
1116:   PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"Steps %D  final time %g\n",steps,(double)ftime);
1117:   if (rd->view_draw) {
1118:     RDView(rd,X,PETSC_VIEWER_DRAW_WORLD);
1119:   }
1120:   if (rd->view_binary[0]) {
1121:     PetscViewer viewer;
1122:     PetscViewerBinaryOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,rd->view_binary,FILE_MODE_WRITE,&viewer);
1123:     RDView(rd,X,viewer);
1124:     PetscViewerDestroy(&viewer);
1125:   }
1126:   VecDestroy(&X);
1127:   MatDestroy(&B);
1128:   RDDestroy(&rd);
1129:   TSDestroy(&ts);
1130:   PetscFinalize();
1131:   return 0;
1132: }