#include <petsc/private/pcimpl.h>
#include <petsc/private/matimpl.h>
#include <petscdm.h>
#include <h2opusconf.h>

/* Use GPU only if H2OPUS is configured for GPU */
#if defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA) && defined(H2OPUS_USE_GPU)
  #define PETSC_H2OPUS_USE_GPU
#endif

typedef struct {
  Mat         A;
  Mat         M;
  PetscScalar s0;

  /* sampler for Newton-Schultz */
  Mat      S;
  PetscInt hyperorder;
  Vec      wns[4];
  Mat      wnsmat[4];

  /* convergence testing */
  Mat T;
  Vec w;

  /* Support for PCSetCoordinates */
  PetscInt   sdim;
  PetscInt   nlocc;
  PetscReal *coords;

  /* Newton-Schultz customization */
  PetscInt  maxits;
  PetscReal rtol, atol;
  PetscBool monitor;
  PetscBool useapproximatenorms;
  NormType  normtype;

  /* Used when pmat != MATH2OPUS */
  PetscReal eta;
  PetscInt  leafsize;
  PetscInt  max_rank;
  PetscInt  bs;
  PetscReal mrtol;

  /* CPU/GPU */
  PetscBool forcecpu;
  PetscBool boundtocpu;
} PC_H2OPUS;

PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode MatNorm_H2OPUS(Mat, NormType, PetscReal *);

static PetscErrorCode PCH2OpusInferCoordinates_Private(PC pc)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  DM         dm;
  PetscBool  isdmda;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (pch2opus->sdim) PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
  PetscCall(PCGetDM(pc, &dm));
  if (!dm) PetscCall(MatGetDM(pc->useAmat ? pc->mat : pc->pmat, &dm));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)dm, DMDA, &isdmda));
  if (isdmda) {
    Vec                c;
    const PetscScalar *coords;
    PetscInt           n, sdim;

    PetscCall(DMGetCoordinates(dm, &c));
    PetscCall(DMGetDimension(dm, &sdim));
    PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(c, &n));
    PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(c, &coords));
    PetscCall(PCSetCoordinates(pc, sdim, n / sdim, (PetscScalar *)coords));
    PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(c, &coords));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCReset_H2OPUS(PC pc)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  pch2opus->sdim  = 0;
  pch2opus->nlocc = 0;
  PetscCall(PetscFree(pch2opus->coords));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCSetCoordinates_H2OPUS(PC pc, PetscInt sdim, PetscInt nlocc, PetscReal *coords)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  PetscBool  reset    = PETSC_TRUE;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (pch2opus->sdim && sdim == pch2opus->sdim && nlocc == pch2opus->nlocc) {
    PetscCall(PetscArraycmp(pch2opus->coords, coords, sdim * nlocc, &reset));
    reset = (PetscBool)!reset;
  }
  PetscCallMPI(MPIU_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &reset, 1, MPI_C_BOOL, MPI_LOR, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc)));
  if (reset) {
    PetscCall(PCReset_H2OPUS(pc));
    PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(sdim * nlocc, &pch2opus->coords));
    PetscCall(PetscArraycpy(pch2opus->coords, coords, sdim * nlocc));
    pch2opus->sdim  = sdim;
    pch2opus->nlocc = nlocc;
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCDestroy_H2OPUS(PC pc)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PCReset_H2OPUS(pc));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->A));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->M));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->T));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->w));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->S));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[0]));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[1]));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[2]));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[3]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[2]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[3]));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)pc, "PCSetCoordinates_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscFree(pc->data));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCSetFromOptions_H2OPUS(PC pc, PetscOptionItems PetscOptionsObject)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscOptionsHeadBegin(PetscOptionsObject, "H2OPUS options");
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-pc_h2opus_maxits", "Maximum number of iterations for Newton-Schultz", NULL, pch2opus->maxits, &pch2opus->maxits, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-pc_h2opus_monitor", "Monitor Newton-Schultz convergence", NULL, pch2opus->monitor, &pch2opus->monitor, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-pc_h2opus_atol", "Absolute tolerance", NULL, pch2opus->atol, &pch2opus->atol, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-pc_h2opus_rtol", "Relative tolerance", NULL, pch2opus->rtol, &pch2opus->rtol, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsEnum("-pc_h2opus_norm_type", "Norm type for convergence monitoring", NULL, NormTypes, (PetscEnum)pch2opus->normtype, (PetscEnum *)&pch2opus->normtype, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-pc_h2opus_hyperorder", "Hyper power order of sampling", NULL, pch2opus->hyperorder, &pch2opus->hyperorder, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-pc_h2opus_leafsize", "Leaf size when constructed from kernel", NULL, pch2opus->leafsize, &pch2opus->leafsize, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-pc_h2opus_eta", "Admissibility condition tolerance", NULL, pch2opus->eta, &pch2opus->eta, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-pc_h2opus_maxrank", "Maximum rank when constructed from matvecs", NULL, pch2opus->max_rank, &pch2opus->max_rank, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-pc_h2opus_samples", "Number of samples to be taken concurrently when constructing from matvecs", NULL, pch2opus->bs, &pch2opus->bs, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-pc_h2opus_mrtol", "Relative tolerance for construction from sampling", NULL, pch2opus->mrtol, &pch2opus->mrtol, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-pc_h2opus_forcecpu", "Force construction on CPU", NULL, pch2opus->forcecpu, &pch2opus->forcecpu, NULL));
  PetscOptionsHeadEnd();
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

typedef struct {
  Mat A;
  Mat M;
  Vec w;
} AAtCtx;

static PetscErrorCode MatMult_AAt(Mat A, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  AAtCtx *aat;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(A, &aat));
  /* PetscCall(MatMultTranspose(aat->M,x,aat->w)); */
  PetscCall(MatMultTranspose(aat->A, x, aat->w));
  PetscCall(MatMult(aat->A, aat->w, y));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCH2OpusSetUpInit(PC pc)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  Mat        A        = pc->useAmat ? pc->mat : pc->pmat, AAt;
  PetscInt   M, m;
  VecType    vtype;
  PetscReal  n;
  AAtCtx     aat;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  aat.A = A;
  aat.M = pch2opus->M; /* unused so far */
  PetscCall(MatCreateVecs(A, NULL, &aat.w));
  PetscCall(MatGetSize(A, &M, NULL));
  PetscCall(MatGetLocalSize(A, &m, NULL));
  PetscCall(MatCreateShell(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)A), m, m, M, M, &aat, &AAt));
  PetscCall(MatBindToCPU(AAt, pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(AAt, MATOP_MULT, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMult_AAt));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(AAt, MATOP_MULT_TRANSPOSE, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMult_AAt));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(AAt, MATOP_NORM, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatNorm_H2OPUS));
  PetscCall(MatGetVecType(A, &vtype));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetVecType(AAt, vtype));
  PetscCall(MatNorm(AAt, NORM_1, &n));
  pch2opus->s0 = 1. / n;
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&aat.w));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&AAt));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCApplyKernel_H2OPUS(PC pc, Vec x, Vec y, PetscBool t)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (t) PetscCall(MatMultTranspose(pch2opus->M, x, y));
  else PetscCall(MatMult(pch2opus->M, x, y));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCApplyMatKernel_H2OPUS(PC pc, Mat X, Mat Y, PetscBool t)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (t) PetscCall(MatTransposeMatMult(pch2opus->M, X, MAT_REUSE_MATRIX, PETSC_DETERMINE, &Y));
  else PetscCall(MatMatMult(pch2opus->M, X, MAT_REUSE_MATRIX, PETSC_CURRENT, &Y));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCApplyMat_H2OPUS(PC pc, Mat X, Mat Y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PCApplyMatKernel_H2OPUS(pc, X, Y, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCApplyTransposeMat_H2OPUS(PC pc, Mat X, Mat Y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PCApplyMatKernel_H2OPUS(pc, X, Y, PETSC_TRUE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCApply_H2OPUS(PC pc, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PCApplyKernel_H2OPUS(pc, x, y, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS(PC pc, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PCApplyKernel_H2OPUS(pc, x, y, PETSC_TRUE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/* used to test the norm of (M^-1 A - I) */
static PetscErrorCode MatMultKernel_MAmI(Mat M, Vec x, Vec y, PetscBool t)
{
  PC         pc;
  Mat        A;
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus;
  PetscBool  sideleft = PETSC_TRUE;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(M, &pc));
  pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  if (!pch2opus->w) PetscCall(MatCreateVecs(pch2opus->M, &pch2opus->w, NULL));
  A = pch2opus->A;
  PetscCall(VecBindToCPU(pch2opus->w, pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  if (t) {
    if (sideleft) {
      PetscCall(PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS(pc, x, pch2opus->w));
      PetscCall(MatMultTranspose(A, pch2opus->w, y));
    } else {
      PetscCall(MatMultTranspose(A, x, pch2opus->w));
      PetscCall(PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->w, y));
    }
  } else {
    if (sideleft) {
      PetscCall(MatMult(A, x, pch2opus->w));
      PetscCall(PCApply_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->w, y));
    } else {
      PetscCall(PCApply_H2OPUS(pc, x, pch2opus->w));
      PetscCall(MatMult(A, pch2opus->w, y));
    }
  }
  PetscCall(VecAXPY(y, -1.0, x));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMult_MAmI(Mat A, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMultKernel_MAmI(A, x, y, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMultTranspose_MAmI(Mat A, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMultKernel_MAmI(A, x, y, PETSC_TRUE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/* HyperPower kernel:
Y = R = x
for i = 1 . . . l - 1 do
  R = (I - A * Xk) * R
  Y = Y + R
Y = Xk * Y
*/
static PetscErrorCode MatMultKernel_Hyper(Mat M, Vec x, Vec y, PetscBool t)
{
  PC         pc;
  Mat        A;
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(M, &pc));
  pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  A        = pch2opus->A;
  PetscCall(MatCreateVecs(pch2opus->M, pch2opus->wns[0] ? NULL : &pch2opus->wns[0], pch2opus->wns[1] ? NULL : &pch2opus->wns[1]));
  PetscCall(MatCreateVecs(pch2opus->M, pch2opus->wns[2] ? NULL : &pch2opus->wns[2], pch2opus->wns[3] ? NULL : &pch2opus->wns[3]));
  PetscCall(VecBindToCPU(pch2opus->wns[0], pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  PetscCall(VecBindToCPU(pch2opus->wns[1], pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  PetscCall(VecBindToCPU(pch2opus->wns[2], pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  PetscCall(VecBindToCPU(pch2opus->wns[3], pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  PetscCall(VecCopy(x, pch2opus->wns[0]));
  PetscCall(VecCopy(x, pch2opus->wns[3]));
  if (t) {
    for (PetscInt i = 0; i < pch2opus->hyperorder - 1; i++) {
      PetscCall(MatMultTranspose(A, pch2opus->wns[0], pch2opus->wns[1]));
      PetscCall(PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wns[1], pch2opus->wns[2]));
      PetscCall(VecAXPY(pch2opus->wns[0], -1., pch2opus->wns[2]));
      PetscCall(VecAXPY(pch2opus->wns[3], 1., pch2opus->wns[0]));
    }
    PetscCall(PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wns[3], y));
  } else {
    for (PetscInt i = 0; i < pch2opus->hyperorder - 1; i++) {
      PetscCall(PCApply_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wns[0], pch2opus->wns[1]));
      PetscCall(MatMult(A, pch2opus->wns[1], pch2opus->wns[2]));
      PetscCall(VecAXPY(pch2opus->wns[0], -1., pch2opus->wns[2]));
      PetscCall(VecAXPY(pch2opus->wns[3], 1., pch2opus->wns[0]));
    }
    PetscCall(PCApply_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wns[3], y));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMult_Hyper(Mat M, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMultKernel_Hyper(M, x, y, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMultTranspose_Hyper(Mat M, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMultKernel_Hyper(M, x, y, PETSC_TRUE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/* Hyper power kernel, MatMat version */
static PetscErrorCode MatMatMultKernel_Hyper(Mat M, Mat X, Mat Y, PetscBool t)
{
  PC         pc;
  Mat        A;
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus;
  PetscInt   i;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(M, &pc));
  pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  A        = pch2opus->A;
  if (pch2opus->wnsmat[0] && pch2opus->wnsmat[0]->cmap->N != X->cmap->N) {
    PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
    PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
  }
  if (!pch2opus->wnsmat[0]) {
    PetscCall(MatDuplicate(X, MAT_SHARE_NONZERO_PATTERN, &pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
    PetscCall(MatDuplicate(Y, MAT_SHARE_NONZERO_PATTERN, &pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
  }
  if (pch2opus->wnsmat[2] && pch2opus->wnsmat[2]->cmap->N != X->cmap->N) {
    PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[2]));
    PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[3]));
  }
  if (!pch2opus->wnsmat[2]) {
    PetscCall(MatDuplicate(X, MAT_SHARE_NONZERO_PATTERN, &pch2opus->wnsmat[2]));
    PetscCall(MatDuplicate(Y, MAT_SHARE_NONZERO_PATTERN, &pch2opus->wnsmat[3]));
  }
  PetscCall(MatCopy(X, pch2opus->wnsmat[0], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
  PetscCall(MatCopy(X, pch2opus->wnsmat[3], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
  if (t) {
    for (i = 0; i < pch2opus->hyperorder - 1; i++) {
      PetscCall(MatTransposeMatMult(A, pch2opus->wnsmat[0], MAT_REUSE_MATRIX, PETSC_CURRENT, &pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
      PetscCall(PCApplyTransposeMat_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wnsmat[1], pch2opus->wnsmat[2]));
      PetscCall(MatAXPY(pch2opus->wnsmat[0], -1., pch2opus->wnsmat[2], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
      PetscCall(MatAXPY(pch2opus->wnsmat[3], 1., pch2opus->wnsmat[0], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    }
    PetscCall(PCApplyTransposeMat_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wnsmat[3], Y));
  } else {
    for (i = 0; i < pch2opus->hyperorder - 1; i++) {
      PetscCall(PCApplyMat_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wnsmat[0], pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
      PetscCall(MatMatMult(A, pch2opus->wnsmat[1], MAT_REUSE_MATRIX, PETSC_CURRENT, &pch2opus->wnsmat[2]));
      PetscCall(MatAXPY(pch2opus->wnsmat[0], -1., pch2opus->wnsmat[2], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
      PetscCall(MatAXPY(pch2opus->wnsmat[3], 1., pch2opus->wnsmat[0], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
    }
    PetscCall(PCApplyMat_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wnsmat[3], Y));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMatMultNumeric_Hyper(Mat M, Mat X, Mat Y, PetscCtx ctx)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMatMultKernel_Hyper(M, X, Y, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/* Basic Newton-Schultz sampler: (2 * I - M * A)*M */
static PetscErrorCode MatMultKernel_NS(Mat M, Vec x, Vec y, PetscBool t)
{
  PC         pc;
  Mat        A;
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(M, &pc));
  pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  A        = pch2opus->A;
  PetscCall(MatCreateVecs(pch2opus->M, pch2opus->wns[0] ? NULL : &pch2opus->wns[0], pch2opus->wns[1] ? NULL : &pch2opus->wns[1]));
  PetscCall(VecBindToCPU(pch2opus->wns[0], pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  PetscCall(VecBindToCPU(pch2opus->wns[1], pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  if (t) {
    PetscCall(PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS(pc, x, y));
    PetscCall(MatMultTranspose(A, y, pch2opus->wns[1]));
    PetscCall(PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wns[1], pch2opus->wns[0]));
    PetscCall(VecAXPBY(y, -1., 2., pch2opus->wns[0]));
  } else {
    PetscCall(PCApply_H2OPUS(pc, x, y));
    PetscCall(MatMult(A, y, pch2opus->wns[0]));
    PetscCall(PCApply_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wns[0], pch2opus->wns[1]));
    PetscCall(VecAXPBY(y, -1., 2., pch2opus->wns[1]));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMult_NS(Mat M, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMultKernel_NS(M, x, y, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMultTranspose_NS(Mat M, Vec x, Vec y)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMultKernel_NS(M, x, y, PETSC_TRUE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/* Basic Newton-Schultz sampler: (2 * I - M * A)*M, MatMat version */
static PetscErrorCode MatMatMultKernel_NS(Mat M, Mat X, Mat Y, PetscBool t)
{
  PC         pc;
  Mat        A;
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(M, &pc));
  pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  A        = pch2opus->A;
  if (pch2opus->wnsmat[0] && pch2opus->wnsmat[0]->cmap->N != X->cmap->N) {
    PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
    PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
  }
  if (!pch2opus->wnsmat[0]) {
    PetscCall(MatDuplicate(X, MAT_SHARE_NONZERO_PATTERN, &pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
    PetscCall(MatDuplicate(Y, MAT_SHARE_NONZERO_PATTERN, &pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
  }
  if (t) {
    PetscCall(PCApplyTransposeMat_H2OPUS(pc, X, Y));
    PetscCall(MatTransposeMatMult(A, Y, MAT_REUSE_MATRIX, PETSC_CURRENT, &pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
    PetscCall(PCApplyTransposeMat_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wnsmat[1], pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
    PetscCall(MatScale(Y, 2.));
    PetscCall(MatAXPY(Y, -1., pch2opus->wnsmat[0], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
  } else {
    PetscCall(PCApplyMat_H2OPUS(pc, X, Y));
    PetscCall(MatMatMult(A, Y, MAT_REUSE_MATRIX, PETSC_CURRENT, &pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
    PetscCall(PCApplyMat_H2OPUS(pc, pch2opus->wnsmat[0], pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
    PetscCall(MatScale(Y, 2.));
    PetscCall(MatAXPY(Y, -1., pch2opus->wnsmat[1], SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMatMultNumeric_NS(Mat M, Mat X, Mat Y, PetscCtx ctx)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMatMultKernel_NS(M, X, Y, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCH2OpusSetUpSampler_Private(PC pc)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  Mat        A        = pc->useAmat ? pc->mat : pc->pmat;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!pch2opus->S) {
    PetscInt M, N, m, n;

    PetscCall(MatGetSize(A, &M, &N));
    PetscCall(MatGetLocalSize(A, &m, &n));
    PetscCall(MatCreateShell(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)A), m, n, M, N, pc, &pch2opus->S));
    PetscCall(MatSetBlockSizesFromMats(pch2opus->S, A, A));
#if defined(PETSC_H2OPUS_USE_GPU)
    PetscCall(MatShellSetVecType(pch2opus->S, VECCUDA));
#endif
  }
  if (pch2opus->hyperorder >= 2) {
    PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(pch2opus->S, MATOP_MULT, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMult_Hyper));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(pch2opus->S, MATOP_MULT_TRANSPOSE, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMultTranspose_Hyper));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetMatProductOperation(pch2opus->S, MATPRODUCT_AB, NULL, MatMatMultNumeric_Hyper, NULL, MATDENSE, MATDENSE));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetMatProductOperation(pch2opus->S, MATPRODUCT_AB, NULL, MatMatMultNumeric_Hyper, NULL, MATDENSECUDA, MATDENSECUDA));
  } else {
    PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(pch2opus->S, MATOP_MULT, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMult_NS));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(pch2opus->S, MATOP_MULT_TRANSPOSE, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMultTranspose_NS));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetMatProductOperation(pch2opus->S, MATPRODUCT_AB, NULL, MatMatMultNumeric_NS, NULL, MATDENSE, MATDENSE));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetMatProductOperation(pch2opus->S, MATPRODUCT_AB, NULL, MatMatMultNumeric_NS, NULL, MATDENSECUDA, MATDENSECUDA));
  }
  PetscCall(MatPropagateSymmetryOptions(A, pch2opus->S));
  PetscCall(MatBindToCPU(pch2opus->S, pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  /* XXX */
  PetscCall(MatSetOption(pch2opus->S, MAT_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCSetUp_H2OPUS(PC pc)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  Mat        A        = pc->useAmat ? pc->mat : pc->pmat;
  NormType   norm     = pch2opus->normtype;
  PetscReal  initerr  = 0.0, err;
  PetscBool  ish2opus;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!pch2opus->T) {
    PetscInt    M, N, m, n;
    const char *prefix;

    PetscCall(PCGetOptionsPrefix(pc, &prefix));
    PetscCall(MatGetSize(A, &M, &N));
    PetscCall(MatGetLocalSize(A, &m, &n));
    PetscCall(MatCreateShell(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc->pmat), m, n, M, N, pc, &pch2opus->T));
    PetscCall(MatSetBlockSizesFromMats(pch2opus->T, A, A));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(pch2opus->T, MATOP_MULT, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMult_MAmI));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(pch2opus->T, MATOP_MULT_TRANSPOSE, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatMultTranspose_MAmI));
    PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(pch2opus->T, MATOP_NORM, (PetscErrorCodeFn *)MatNorm_H2OPUS));
#if defined(PETSC_H2OPUS_USE_GPU)
    PetscCall(MatShellSetVecType(pch2opus->T, VECCUDA));
#endif
    PetscCall(MatSetOptionsPrefix(pch2opus->T, prefix));
    PetscCall(MatAppendOptionsPrefix(pch2opus->T, "pc_h2opus_est_"));
  }
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->A));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)A, MATH2OPUS, &ish2opus));
  if (ish2opus) {
    PetscCall(PetscObjectReference((PetscObject)A));
    pch2opus->A = A;
  } else {
    const char *prefix;

    /* See if we can infer coordinates from the DM */
    if (!pch2opus->sdim) PetscCall(PCH2OpusInferCoordinates_Private(pc));
    PetscCall(MatCreateH2OpusFromMat(A, pch2opus->sdim, pch2opus->coords, PETSC_FALSE, pch2opus->eta, pch2opus->leafsize, pch2opus->max_rank, pch2opus->bs, pch2opus->mrtol, &pch2opus->A));
    /* XXX */
    PetscCall(MatSetOption(pch2opus->A, MAT_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
    PetscCall(PCGetOptionsPrefix(pc, &prefix));
    PetscCall(MatSetOptionsPrefix(pch2opus->A, prefix));
    PetscCall(MatAppendOptionsPrefix(pch2opus->A, "pc_h2opus_init_"));
    PetscCall(MatSetFromOptions(pch2opus->A));
    PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(pch2opus->A, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(pch2opus->A, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
    /* XXX */
    PetscCall(MatSetOption(pch2opus->A, MAT_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));

    /* always perform construction on the GPU unless forcecpu is true */
    PetscCall(MatBindToCPU(pch2opus->A, pch2opus->forcecpu));
  }
#if defined(PETSC_H2OPUS_USE_GPU)
  pch2opus->boundtocpu = pch2opus->forcecpu ? PETSC_TRUE : pch2opus->A->boundtocpu;
#endif
  PetscCall(MatBindToCPU(pch2opus->T, pch2opus->boundtocpu));
  if (pch2opus->M) { /* see if we can reuse M as initial guess */
    PetscReal reuse;

    PetscCall(MatBindToCPU(pch2opus->M, pch2opus->boundtocpu));
    PetscCall(MatNorm(pch2opus->T, norm, &reuse));
    if (reuse >= 1.0) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->M));
  }
  if (!pch2opus->M) {
    const char *prefix;
    PetscCall(MatDuplicate(pch2opus->A, MAT_COPY_VALUES, &pch2opus->M));
    PetscCall(PCGetOptionsPrefix(pc, &prefix));
    PetscCall(MatSetOptionsPrefix(pch2opus->M, prefix));
    PetscCall(MatAppendOptionsPrefix(pch2opus->M, "pc_h2opus_inv_"));
    PetscCall(MatSetFromOptions(pch2opus->M));
    PetscCall(PCH2OpusSetUpInit(pc));
    PetscCall(MatScale(pch2opus->M, pch2opus->s0));
  }
  /* A and M have the same h2 matrix nonzero structure, save on reordering routines */
  PetscCall(MatH2OpusSetNativeMult(pch2opus->A, PETSC_TRUE));
  PetscCall(MatH2OpusSetNativeMult(pch2opus->M, PETSC_TRUE));
  if (norm == NORM_1 || norm == NORM_2 || norm == NORM_INFINITY) PetscCall(MatNorm(pch2opus->T, norm, &initerr));
  if (PetscIsInfOrNanReal(initerr)) pc->failedreason = PC_SETUP_ERROR;
  err = initerr;
  if (pch2opus->monitor) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc), "%" PetscInt_FMT ": ||M*A - I|| NORM%s abs %g rel %g\n", 0, NormTypes[norm], (double)err, (double)(err / initerr)));
  if (initerr > pch2opus->atol && !pc->failedreason) {
    PetscInt i;

    PetscCall(PCH2OpusSetUpSampler_Private(pc));
    for (i = 0; i < pch2opus->maxits; i++) {
      Mat         M;
      const char *prefix;

      PetscCall(MatDuplicate(pch2opus->M, MAT_SHARE_NONZERO_PATTERN, &M));
      PetscCall(MatGetOptionsPrefix(pch2opus->M, &prefix));
      PetscCall(MatSetOptionsPrefix(M, prefix));
      PetscCall(MatH2OpusSetSamplingMat(M, pch2opus->S, PETSC_DECIDE, PETSC_DECIDE));
      PetscCall(MatSetFromOptions(M));
      PetscCall(MatH2OpusSetNativeMult(M, PETSC_TRUE));
      PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(M, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
      PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(M, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
      PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->M));
      pch2opus->M = M;
      if (norm == NORM_1 || norm == NORM_2 || norm == NORM_INFINITY) PetscCall(MatNorm(pch2opus->T, norm, &err));
      if (pch2opus->monitor) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc), "%" PetscInt_FMT ": ||M*A - I|| NORM%s abs %g rel %g\n", i + 1, NormTypes[norm], (double)err, (double)(err / initerr)));
      if (PetscIsInfOrNanReal(err)) pc->failedreason = PC_SETUP_ERROR;
      if (err < pch2opus->atol || err < pch2opus->rtol * initerr || pc->failedreason) break;
    }
  }
  /* cleanup setup workspace */
  PetscCall(MatH2OpusSetNativeMult(pch2opus->A, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscCall(MatH2OpusSetNativeMult(pch2opus->M, PETSC_FALSE));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[0]));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[1]));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[2]));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&pch2opus->wns[3]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[0]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[1]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[2]));
  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&pch2opus->wnsmat[3]));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCView_H2OPUS(PC pc, PetscViewer viewer)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus = (PC_H2OPUS *)pc->data;
  PetscBool  isascii;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer, PETSCVIEWERASCII, &isascii));
  if (isascii) {
    if (pch2opus->A && pch2opus->A != pc->mat && pch2opus->A != pc->pmat) {
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Initial approximation matrix\n"));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPushTab(viewer));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerPushFormat(viewer, PETSC_VIEWER_ASCII_INFO_DETAIL));
      PetscCall(MatView(pch2opus->A, viewer));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerPopFormat(viewer));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPopTab(viewer));
    }
    if (pch2opus->M) {
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Inner matrix constructed\n"));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPushTab(viewer));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerPushFormat(viewer, PETSC_VIEWER_ASCII_INFO_DETAIL));
      PetscCall(MatView(pch2opus->M, viewer));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerPopFormat(viewer));
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPopTab(viewer));
    }
    PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Initial scaling: %g\n", pch2opus->s0));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*MC
     PCH2OPUS = "h2opus" - A preconditioner type for, `MATH2OPUS`, hierarchical matrices using the H2Opus package.

   Options Database Keys:
+   -pc_type h2opus       - pc type to "h2opus" during a call to `PCSetFromOptions()`
.   -pc_h2opus_maxits     - maximum number of iterations for Newton-Schultz
.   -pc_h2opus_monitor    - monitor Newton-Schultz convergence
.   -pc_h2opus_atol       - absolute tolerance
.   -pc_h2opus_rtol       - relative tolerance
.   -pc_h2opus_norm_type  - normtype
.   -pc_h2opus_hyperorder - Hyper power order of sampling
.   -pc_h2opus_leafsize   - leaf size when constructed from kernel
.   -pc_h2opus_eta        - admissibility condition tolerance
.   -pc_h2opus_maxrank    - maximum rank when constructed from matvecs
.   -pc_h2opus_samples    - number of samples to be taken concurrently when constructing from matvecs
.   -pc_h2opus_mrtol      - relative tolerance for construction from sampling
-   -pc_h2opus_forcecpu   - force construction of preconditioner on CPU

   Level: intermediate

.seealso: [](ch_ksp), `MATH2OPUS`, `MATHTOOL`, `MATDENSE`, `MatCreateH2OpusFromKernel()`, `MatCreateH2OpusFromMat()`
M*/

PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode PCCreate_H2OPUS(PC pc)
{
  PC_H2OPUS *pch2opus;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PetscNew(&pch2opus));
  pc->data = (void *)pch2opus;

  pch2opus->atol       = 1.e-2;
  pch2opus->rtol       = 1.e-6;
  pch2opus->maxits     = 50;
  pch2opus->hyperorder = 1; /* defaults to basic Newton-Schultz */
  pch2opus->normtype   = NORM_2;

  /* these are needed when we are sampling the pmat */
  pch2opus->eta           = PETSC_DECIDE;
  pch2opus->leafsize      = PETSC_DECIDE;
  pch2opus->max_rank      = PETSC_DECIDE;
  pch2opus->bs            = PETSC_DECIDE;
  pch2opus->mrtol         = PETSC_DECIDE;
  pch2opus->boundtocpu    = PetscDefined(H2OPUS_USE_GPU) ? PETSC_FALSE : PETSC_TRUE;
  pc->ops->destroy        = PCDestroy_H2OPUS;
  pc->ops->setup          = PCSetUp_H2OPUS;
  pc->ops->apply          = PCApply_H2OPUS;
  pc->ops->matapply       = PCApplyMat_H2OPUS;
  pc->ops->applytranspose = PCApplyTranspose_H2OPUS;
  pc->ops->reset          = PCReset_H2OPUS;
  pc->ops->setfromoptions = PCSetFromOptions_H2OPUS;
  pc->ops->view           = PCView_H2OPUS;

  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)pc, "PCSetCoordinates_C", PCSetCoordinates_H2OPUS));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}
